One of the three main characters in VN’s novel Pale Fire (1962), John Shade was born on July 5, 1898. Two other main characters, Charles Kinbote and Jakob Gradus, were born seventeen years later, on July 5, 1915. In a letter to his brother Mikhail that he wrote on his seventeenth birthday (October 31, 1838, OS) Dostoevski twice uses the word gradus (degree):
Философию не надо полагать простой математической задачей, где неизвестное - природа... Заметь, что поэт в порыве вдохновенья разгадывает бога, следовательно, исполняет назначенье философии. Следовательно, поэтический восторг есть восторг философии... Следовательно, философия есть та же поэзия, только высший градус её!..
Philosophy should not be regarded as a mere equation where nature is the unknown quantity… Remark that the poet, in the moment of inspiration, comprehends God, and consequently does the philosopher’s work. Consequently poetic inspiration is nothing less than philosophical inspiration. Consequently philosophy is nothing but poetry, a higher degree of poetry!..
Друг мой! Ты философствуешь как поэт. И как не ровно выдерживает душа градус вдохновенья, так не ровна, не верна и твоя философия. Чтоб больше знать, надо меньше чувствовать, и обратно, правило опрометчивое, бред сердца.
My friend, you philosophize like a poet. And just because the soul cannot be forever in a state of exaltation, your philosophy is not true and not just. To know more one must feel less, and vice versa. Your judgment is featherheaded – it is a delirium of the heart.
Shade’s murderer, Gradus seems to be a gnome. In Dostoevski’s novella Khozyayka (“The Landlady,” 1847) Ordynov from childhood is haunted by zloy, skvernyi gnom (an evil bad gnome) who sometimes takes shape of a toy:
То как будто наступали для него опять его нежные, безмятежно прошедшие годы первого детства, с их светлою радостию, с неугасимым счастием, с первым сладостным удивлением к жизни, с роями светлых духов, вылетавших из-под каждого цветка, который срывал он, игравших с ним на тучном зеленом лугу перед маленьким домиком, окруженным акациями, улыбавшихся ему из хрустального необозримого озера, возле которого просиживал он по целым часам, прислушиваясь, как бьётся волна о волну, и шелестивших кругом него крыльями, любовно усыпая светлыми, радужными сновидениями маленькую его колыбельку, когда его мать, склоняясь над нею, крестила, целовала и баюкала его тихою колыбельною песенкой в долгие, безмятежные ночи. Но тут вдруг стало являться одно существо, которое смущало его каким-то недетским ужасом, которое вливало первый медленный яд горя и слёз в его жизнь; он смутно чувствовал, как неведомый старик держит во власти своей все его грядущие годы, и, трепеща, не мог он отвести него глаз своих. Злой старик за ним следовал всюду. Он выглядывал и обманчиво кивал ему головою из-под каждого куста в роще, смеялся и дразнил его, воплощался в каждую куклу ребенка, гримасничая и хохоча в руках его, как злой, скверный гном; он подбивал на него каждого из его бесчеловечных школьных товарищей или, садясь с малютками на школьную скамью, гримасничая, выглядывал из-под каждой буквы его грамматики. Потом, во время сна, злой старик садился у его изголовья... (Chapter II)
According to Kinbote (Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla), his landlady resembles Malenkov:
Judge Goldsworth had a wife, and four daughters. Family photographs met me in the hallway and pursued me from room to room, and although I am sure that Alphina (9), Betty (10), Candida (12), and Dee (14) will soon change from horribly cute little schoolgirls to smart young ladies and superior mothers, I must confess that their pert pictures irritated me to such an extent that finally I gathered them one by one and dumped them all in a closet under the gallows row of their cellophane-shrouded winter clothes. In the study I found a large picture of their parents, with sexes reversed, Mrs. G. resembling Malenkov, and Mr. G. a Medusa-locked hag, and this I replaced by the reproduction of a beloved early Picasso: earth boy leading raincloud horse. (note to Lines 47-48)
The surname Malenkov comes from malen’kiy (small, little). Hodasevich’s poem Santa Lucia (1916) ends in the words malen’kiy gnom (little gnome):
Здравствуй, песенка с волн Адриатики!
Вот, сошлись послушать тебя
Из двух лазаретов солдатики,
Да татарин с мешком, да я.
Хорошо, что нет слов у песенки:
Всем поёт она об одном.
В каждое сердце по тайной лесенке
Пробирается маленький гном.
Hello, a little song from the Adriatic waves!
Here, the soldiers from two hospitals,
a Tartar with a bag and I
came together to listen to you.
It is good that the song has no words:
It sings to everybody about one thing.
Into every heart by a secret stair
a little gnome makes his way.
Pesnya bez slov (“A Song without Words,” 1904) is Annenski’s Russian version of Verlaine’s poem Il pleure dans mon cœur from his collection Romances sans paroles. It was included in Tikhie pesni (“Quiet Songs,” 1904), a book published under the penname Nik. T-o (“Mr. Nobody”). One of the essays in Annenski’s Kniga otrazheniy (“Book of Reflection,” 1906) is entitled Dostoevskiy do katastrofy (“Dostoevski before the Disaster”). In his essay Problema Gamleta (“The Problem of Hamlet”) included in Vtoraya kniga otrazheniy ("The Second Book of Reflections,” 1909) Annenski mentions Pushkin's Mozart and says that Hamlet is not a Salieri:
Видите ли: зависть художника не совсем то, что наша...
Для художника это - болезненное сознание своей ограниченности и желание делать творческую жизнь свою как можно полнее. Истинный художник и завистлив и жаден... я слышу возражение - пушкинский Моцарт. - Да! Но ведь Гамлет не Сальери. Моцарта же Пушкин, как известно, изменил: его короткая жизнь была отнюдь не жизнью праздного гуляки, а сплошным творческим горением. Труд его был громаден, не результат труда, а именно труд.
In Pushkin’s little tragedy “Mozart and Salieri” (1830) Mozart uses the phrase nikto b (none would):
Когда бы все так чувствовали силу
Гармонии! Но нет: тогда б не мог
И мир существовать; никто б не стал
Заботиться о нуждах низкой жизни;
Все предались бы вольному искусству.
If all could feel like you the power of harmony!
But no: the world could not go on then. None
Would bother with the needs of lowly life;
All would surrender to the free art. (Scene II)
Nikto b is Botkin (Shade’s, Kinbote’s and Gradus’s “real” name) in reverse.
"Earth boy leading raincloud horse" is Picasso's Jeune garçon au cheval (1905-06). The poems in Verlaine's Romances sans paroles include Chevaux de bois ("Wooden Horses"). In his poem Il pleure dans mon cœur (translated by Annenski as "A Song without Words") Verlaine mentions the sweet sound of the rain on the ground and on the roofs:
Ô bruit doux de la pluie
Par terre et sur les toits!
Pour un cœur qui s’ennuie,
Ô le chant de la pluie!
Oh sweet sound of the rain
On the ground and on the roofs!
To a bored heart,
Oh the warbling of the rain!
(tr. Pires Philippe)
At the end of his Commentary Kinbote mentions the gleam of a roof in the rain and a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus who will presently ring at his door:
"And you, what will you be doing with yourself, poor King, poor Kinbote?" a gentle young voice may inquire.
God will help me, I trust, to rid myself of any desire to follow the example of the other two characters in this work. I shall continue to exist. I may assume other disguises, other forms, but I shall try to exist. I may turn up yet, on another campus, as an old, happy, healthy heterosexual Russian, a writer in exile, sans fame, sans future, sans audience, sans anything but his art. I may join forces with Odon in a new motion picture: Escape from Zembla (ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square). I may pander to the simple tastes of theatrical critics and cook up a stage play, an old-fashioned melodrama with three principles: a lunatic who intends to kill an imaginary king, another lunatic who imagines himself to be that king, and a distinguished old poet who stumbles by chance into the line of fire, and perishes in the clash between the two figments. Oh, I may do many things! History permitting, I may sail back to my recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain. I may huddle and groan in a madhouse. But whatever happens, wherever the scene is laid, somebody, somewhere, will quietly set out--somebody has already set out, somebody still rather far away is buying a ticket, is boarding a bus, a ship, a plane, has landed, is walking toward a million photographers, and presently he will ring at my door--a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus. (note to Line 1000)
In VN's novel Lolita (1955) Clare Quilty (the author of Dark Age who refused to be photographed) says that he needs rain on the shingle roof for roses and inspiration:
Reader! Bruder! What a foolish Hamburg that Hamburg was! Since his supersensitive system was loath to face the actual scene, he thought he could at least enjoy a secret part of it - which reminds one of the tenth or twentieth soldier in the raping queue who throws the girl’s black shawl over her white face so as not to see those impossible eyes while taking his military pleasure in the sad, sacked village. What I lusted to get was the printed picture that had chanced to absorb my trespassing image while the Gazette’s photographer was concentrating on Dr. Braddock and his group. Passionately I hoped to find preserved the portrait of the artist as a younger brute. An innocent camera catching me on my dark way to Lolita’s bed - what a magnet for Mnemosyne! I cannot well explain the true nature of that urge of mine. It was allied, I suppose, to that swooning curiosity which impels one to examine with a magnifying glass bleak little figures - still life practically, and everybody about to throw up at an early morning execution, and the patient’s expression impossible to make out in the print. Anyway, I was literally gasping for breath, and one corner of the book of doom kept stabbing me in the stomach while I scanned and skimmed… Brute Force and Possessed were coming on Sunday, the 24th, to both theatres. Mr. Purdom, independent tobacco auctioneer, said that ever since 1925 he had been an Omen Faustum smoker. Husky Hank and his petite bride were to be the guests of Mr. and Mrs. Reginald G. Gore, 58 Inchkeith Ave. The size of certain parasites is one sixth of the host. Dunkerque was fortified in the tenth century. Misses’ socks, 39 c. Saddle Oxfords 3.98. Wine, wine, wine, quipped the author of Dark Age who refused to be photographed, may suit a Persian bubble bird, but I say give me rain, rain, rain on the shingle roof for roses and inspiration every time. Dimples are caused by the adherence of the skin to the deeper tissues. Greeks repulse a heavy guerrilla assault and, ah, at last, a little figure in white, and Dr. Braddock in black, but whatever spectral shoulder was brushing against his ample form nothing of myself could I make out. (2.26)
According to Kinbote, Sybil Shade (the poet's wife) called him in public "an elephantine tick; a king-sized botfly; a macaco worm; the monstrous parasite of a genius." (note to Line 247)
Quilty's address in Parkington is Grimm Road. The gnomes are characters in several fairy tales of brothers Grimm. In his Commentary Kinbote mentions Grimm, the old groom:
The following note is not an apology of suicide—it is the simple and sober description of a spiritual situation.
The more lucid and overwhelming one’s belief in Providence, the greater the temptation to get it over with, this business of life, but the greater too one’s fear of the terrible sin implicit in self-destruction. Let us first consider the temptation. As more thoroughly discussed elsewhere in this commentary (see note to line 550), a serious conception of any form of afterlife inevitably and necessarily presupposes some degree of belief in Providence; and, conversely, deep Christian faith presupposes some belief in some sort of spiritual survival. The vision of that survival need not be a rational one, i.e., need not present the precise features of personal fancies or the general atmosphere of a subtropical Oriental park. In fact, a good Zemblan Christian is taught that true faith is not there to supply pictures or maps, but that it should quietly content itself with a warm haze of pleasurable anticipation. To take a homely example: little Christopher’s family is about to migrate to a distant colony where his father has been assigned to a lifetime post. Little Christopher, a frail lad of nine or ten, relies completely (so completely, in fact, as to blot out the very awareness of this reliance) on his elders’ arranging all the details of departure, passage and arrival. He cannot imagine, nor does he try to imagine, the particular aspects of the new place awaiting him but he is dimly and comfortably convinced that it will be even better than his homestead, with the big oak, and the mountain, and his pony, and the park, and the stable, and Grimm, the old groom, who has a way of fondling him whenever nobody is around. (note to Line 493)