In VN's novel Camera Obscura (1933) translated into English as Laughter in the Dark (1938) Robert Horn (Axel Rex in LITD) tells Bruno Kretschmar (Albert Albinus in LITD) that death is merely a bad habit:
Явился Горн. Он заходил в последнее время каждый день, и Кречмар несколько раз поговорил с ним по душам, сказал ему все то, что Магде он бы сказать не смел и не мог. Горн так хорошо слушал, высказывал такие мудрые мысли и с такой вдумчивостью сочувствовал ему, что недавность их знакомства казалась Кречмару чем-то совершенно условным, никак не связанным с внутренним – душевным – временем, за которое развилась и созрела их мужественная дружба. «Нельзя строить жизнь на песке несчастья, – говорил Горн. – Это грех против жизни. У меня был знакомый – скульптор, – который женился из жалости на пожилой, безобразной горбунье. Не знаю в точности, что случилось у них, но через год она пыталась отравиться, а его пришлось посадить в желтый дом. Художник, по моему мнению, должен руководиться только чувством прекрасного – оно никогда не обманывает».
«Смерть, – говорил он еще, – представляется мне просто дурной привычкой, которую природа теперь уже не может в себе искоренить. У меня был приятель, юноша, полный жизни, с лицом ангела и с мускулами пантеры, – он порезался, откупоривая бутылку, и через несколько дней умер. Ничего глупее этой смерти нельзя было себе представить, но вместе с тем… вместе с тем, – да, странно сказать, но это так: было бы менее художественно, доживи он до старости… Изюминка, пуанта жизни заключается иногда именно в смерти».
Горн в такие минуты говорил не останавливаясь – плавно выдумывая случаи с никогда не существовавшими знакомыми, подбирая мысли, не слишком глубокие для ума слушателя, придавая словам сомнительное изящество. Образование было у него пестрое, ум – хваткий и проницательный, тяга к разыгрыванию ближних – непреодолимая. Единственное, быть может, подлинное в нем была бессознательная вера в то, что все созданное людьми в области искусства и науки только более или менее остроумный фокус, очаровательное шарлатанство. О каком бы важном предмете не заходила речь, он был одинаково способен сказать о нем нечто мудреное, или смешное, или пошловатое, если этого требовало восприятие слушателя. Когда же он говорил совсем серьезно о книге или картине, у Горна было приятное чувство, что он – участник заговора, сообщник того или иного гениального гаера – создателя картины, автора книги. Жадно следя за тем, как Кречмар (человек, по его мнению, тяжеловатый, недалекий, с простыми страстями и добротными, слишком добротными познаниями в области живописи) страдает и как будто считает, что дошел до самых вершин человеческого страдания, – следя за этим, Горн с удовольствием думал, что это еще не все, далеко на все, а только первый номер в программе превосходного мюзик-холла, в котором ему, Горну, предоставлено место в директорской ложе. Директором же сего заведения не был ни Бог, ни дьявол. Первый был слишком стар и мастит и ничего не понимал в новом искусстве, второй же, обрюзгший черт, обожравшийся чужими грехами, был нестерпимо скучен, скучен, как предсмертная зевота тупого преступника, зарезавшего ростовщика. Директор, предоставивший Горну ложу, был существом трудноуловимым, двойственным, тройственным, отражающимся в самом себе, – переливчатым магическим призраком, тенью разноцветных шаров, тенью жонглера на театрально освещенной стене… Так, по крайней мере, полагал Горн в редкие минуты философских размышлений. (Chapter 21)
Rex sauntered in. Of late, he had been with them every day, and Albinus had poured out his heart to him on several occasions and told him all that he could not say to Margot. Rex listened so kindly, made such sensible comments and was so sympathetic that the shortness of their acquaintance seemed to Albinus a mere accident in no way connected with the inner, spiritual time during which their friendship had developed and matured.
"One can't build up one's life on the quick-sands of misfortune," Rex had said to him. "That is a sin against life. I once had a friend who was a sculptor and whose unerring appreciation of form was almost uncanny. Then, all of a sudden, out of pity he married an ugly, elderly hunchback. I don't know exactly what happened, but one day, soon after their marriage, they packed two little suitcases, one for each, and went on foot to the nearest lunatic asylum. In my opinion, an artist must let himself be guided solely by his sense of beauty: that will never deceive him."
"Death," he had said on another occasion, "seems to be merely a bad habit, which nature is at present powerless to overcome. I once had a dear friend--a beautiful boy full of life, with the face of an angel and the muscles of a panther. He cut himself while opening a tin of preserved peaches--you know, the large, soft, slippery kind that plap in the mouth and slither down. He died a few days later of blood poisoning. Fatuous, isn't it? And yet ... yes, it is strange, but true, that, viewed as a work of art, the shape of his life would not have been so perfect had he been left to grow old. Death often is the point of life's joke."
On such occasions Rex could talk endlessly, indefatigably, inventing stories about non-existent friends and propounding reflections not too profound for the mind of his listener and couched in a sham-brilliant form. His culture was patchy, but his mind shrewd and penetrating, and his itch to make fools of his fellow men amounted almost to genius. Perhaps the only real thing about him was his innate conviction that everything that had ever been created in the domain of art, science or sentiment, was only a more or less clever trick. No matter how important the subject under discussion, he could always find something witty or trite to say about it, supplying exactly what his listener's mind or mood demanded, though, at the same time, he could be impossibly rude and overbearing when his interlocutor annoyed him. Even when he was talking quite seriously about a book or a picture, Rex had a pleasant feeling that he was a partner in a conspiracy, the partner of some ingenious quack--namely, the author of the book or the painter of the picture.
He watched with interest the sufferings of Albinus (in his opinion an oaf with simple passions and a solid, too solid, knowlege of painting). who thought, poor man, that he had touched the very depths of human distress; whereas Rex reflected--with a sense of pleasant anticipation--that, far from being the limit, it was merely the first item in the program of a roaring comedy at which he, Rex, had been reserved a place in the stage manager's private box. The stage manager of this performance was neither God nor the devil. The former was far too gray, and venerable, and old-fashioned; and the latter, surfeited with other people's sins, was a bore to himself and to others, as dull as rain... in fact, rain at dawn in the prison-court, where some poor imbecile, yawning nervously, is being quietly put to death for the murder of his grandmother. The stage manager whom Rex had in view was an elusive, double, triple, self-reflecting magic Proteus of a phantom, the shadow of many-colored glass balls flying in a curve, the ghost of a juggler on a shimmering curtain.... This, at any rate, was what Rex surmised in his rare moments of philosophic meditation. (Chapter 22)
In his Commentary to Shade's poem Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) says that exile becomes a bad habit:
Line 998: Some neighbor's gardener
Some neighbor's! The poet had seen my gardener many times, and this vagueness I can only assign to his desire (noticeable elsewhere in his handling of names, etc.) to give a certain poetical patina, the bloom of remoteness, to familiar figures and things - although it is just possible he might have mistaken him in the broken light for a stranger working for a stranger. This gifted gardener I discovered by chance one idle spring day, when I was slowly wending my way home after a maddening and embarrassing experience at the college indoor swimming pool. He stood at the top of a green ladder attending to the sick branch of a grateful tree in one of the most famous avenues in Appalachia. His red flannel shirt lay on the grass. We conversed, a little shyly, he above, I below. I was pleasantly surprised at his being able to refer all his patients to their proper habitats. It was spring, and we were alone in that admirable colonnade of trees which visitors from England have photographed from end to end. I can enumerate here only a few kinds of those trees: Jove's stout oak and two others: the thunder-cloven from Britain, the knotty-entrailed from a Mediterranean island; a weatherfending line (now lime), a phoenix (now date palm), a pine and a cedar (Cedrus), all insular; a Venetian sycamore tree (Acer); two willows, the green, likewise from Venice, the hoar-leaved from Denmark; a midsummer elm, its barky fingers enringed with ivy; a midsummer mulberry, its shade inviting to tarry; and a clown's sad cypress from Illyria.
He had worked for two years as a male nurse in a hospital for Negroes in Maryland. He was hard up. He wanted to study landscaping, botany and French ("to read in the original Baudelaire and Dumas"). I promised him some financial assistance. He started to work at my place the very next day. He was awfully nice and pathetic, and all that, but a little too talkative and completely impotent which I found discouraging. Otherwise he was a strong strapping fellow, and I hugely enjoyed the aesthetic pleasure of watching him buoyantly struggle with earth and turf or delicately manipulate bulbs, or lay out the flagged path which may or may not be a nice surprise for my landlord, when he safely returns from England (where I hope no bloodthirsty maniacs are stalking him!). How I longed to have him (my gardener, not my landlord) wear a great big turban, and shalwars, and an ankle bracelet. I would certainly have him attired according to the old romanticist notion of a Moorish prince, had I been a northern king - or rather had I still been a king (exile becomes a bad habit). You will chide me, my modest man, for writing so much about you in this note, but I feel I must pay you this tribute. After all, you saved my life. You and I were the last people who saw John Shade alive, and you admitted afterwards to a strange premonition which made you interrupt your work as you noticed us from the shrubbery walking toward the porch where stood - (Superstitiously I cannot write out the odd dark word you employed.)
In his Razgovory N. K. Zagryazhskoy ("The Talks of N. K. Zagryazhski," 1835) Pushkin (a poet who, like Dumas, had African blood) quotes the words of Natalia Kirillovna Zagryazhski (1747-1837, a lady-in-waiting of Catherine II) "Orlov was a regicide at heart, it was like a bad habit:"
Orloff était régicide dans l'âme, c'était comme une mauvaise habitude. Я встретилась с ним в Дрездене, в загородном саду. Он сел подле меня на лавочке. Мы разговорились о Павле I. «Что за урод? Как это его терпят?» — «Ах, батюшка, да что же ты прикажешь делать? ведь не задушить же его?» — «А почему же нет, матушка?» — «Как! и ты согласился бы, чтобы дочь твоя Анна Алексеевна вмешалась в это дело?» — «Не только согласился бы, а был бы очень тому рад». Вот каков был человек!
Rex is Latin for "king." According to Kinbote, his name means in Zemblan "a king's destroyer:"
Professor Pardon now spoke to me: "I was under the impression that you were born in Russia, and that your name was a kind of anagram of Botkin or Botkine?"
Kinbote: "You are confusing me with some refugee from Nova Zembla" [sarcastically stressing the "Nova'"].
"Didn't you tell me, Charles, that kinbote means regicide in your language?" asked my dear Shade.
"Yes, a king's destroyer," I said (longing to explain that a king who sinks his identity in the mirror of exile is in a sense just that).
Shade [addressing the German visitor]: "Professor Kinbote is the author of a remarkable book on surnames. I believe [to me] there exists an English translation?"
"Oxford, 1956," I replied. (note to Line 894)
In his sonnet Poetu ("To a Poet," 1830) Pushkin says Ty tsar': zhivi odin ("You are a king; live alone"):
Поэт! не дорожи любовию народной.
Восторженных похвал пройдёт минутный шум;
Услышишь суд глупца и смех толпы холодной,
Но ты останься твёрд, спокоен и угрюм.
Ты царь: живи один. Дорогою свободной
Иди, куда влечёт тебя свободный ум,
Усовершенствуя плоды любимых дум,
Не требуя наград за подвиг благородный.
Они в самом тебе. Ты сам свой высший суд;
Всех строже оценить умеешь ты свой труд.
Ты им доволен ли, взыскательный художник?
Доволен? Так пускай толпа его бранит
И плюет на алтарь, где твой огонь горит,
И в детской резвости колеблет твой треножник.
Poet! do not cling to popular affection.
The temporary noise of ecstatic praises will pass;
You will hear the fool's judgment, the laugh of the cold crowd,
But you must remain firm, calm, and morose.
You are a king; live alone. By way of the free road
Go wherever your free mind draws you,
Perfecting the fruits of your beloved thoughts,
Not asking any rewards for your noble feat.
They are inside you. You are your highest judge;
More strictly than anyone can you appraise your work.
Are you satisfied with it, exacting artist?
Satisfied? Then let the crowd treat it harshly
And spit on the altar, where your fire burns
And shake your tripod in childish playfulness.
(transl. Diana Senechal)
In Camera Obscura Horn tells Kretschmar (an art critic) that it is a pity he did not quote in his excellent article about Sebastiano del Piombo the painter's sonnets:
«Фрейлейн Петерс, – с мягкой улыбкой обратился к ней Кречмар, – я хочу вам представить создателя знаменитого зверька».
Магда судорожно обернулась и сказала: «Ах, здравствуйте!» (к чему эти ахи, ведь об этом не раз говорилось…) Горн поклонился, сел и спокойно обратился к Кречмару: «Я читал вашу превосходную статью о Себастиано дель Пиомбо. Вы напрасно только не привели его сонетов, – они прескверные, – но как раз это и пикантно». (Chapter XV)
“Fräulein Peters,” said Albinus in a soothing tone, “this is the man who makes two continents—”
Margot started and swerved round.
“Oh, really, how do you do?”
Rex bowed and, turning to Albinus, remarked quietly:
“I happened to read on the boat your excellent biography of Sebastiano del Piombo. Pity, though, you didn’t quote his sonnets.”
“Oh, but they are very poor,” answered Albinus.
“Exactly,” said Rex. “That’s what is so charming.” (Chapter 16)
In his Commentary to Shade's poem Kinbote quotes a sonnet that his uncle Conmal (the Zemblan translator of Shakespeare) composed directly in English:
English being Conmal's prerogative, his Shakspere remained invulnerable throughout the greater part of his long life. The venerable Duke was famed for the nobility of his work; few dared question its fidelity. Personally, I had never the heart to check it. One callous Academician who did, lost his seat in result and was severely reprimanded by Conmal in an extraordinary sonnet composed directly in colorful, if not quite correct, English, beginning:
I am not slave! Let be my critic slave.
I cannot be. And Shakespeare would not want thus.
Let drawing students copy the acanthus,
I work with Master on the architrave! (note to Line 962)
In classical architecture, an architrave is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns. It reminds one of a great painter in Laughter in the Dark moving backward to view better his finished fresco:
A great painter one day, high up on the scaffold, began moving backward to view better his finished fresco. The next receding step would have taken him over, and, as a warning cry might be fatal, his apprentice had the presence of mind to sling the contents of a pail at the masterpiece. Very funny! But how much funnier still, had the rapt master been left to walk back into nothing--with, incidentally, the spectators expecting the pail. The art of caricature, as Rex understood it, was thus based (apart from its synthetic, fooled-again nature) on the contrast between cruelty on one side and credulity on the other. And if, in real life, Rex looked on without stirring a finger while a blind beggar, his stick tapping happily, was about to sit down on a freshly painted bench, he was only deriving inspiration for his next little picture. (chapter 18)
In Canto Two of his poem Shade quotes Pope's Essay on Man and mentions the blind beggar:
I went upstairs and read a galley proof,
And heard the wind roll marbles on the roof.
"See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing"
Has unmistakably the vulgar ring
Of its preposterous age. Then came your call,
My tender mockingbird, up from the hall.
I was in time to overhear brief fame
And have a cup of tea with you: my name
Was mentioned twice, as usual just behind
(one oozy footstep) Frost.
"Sure you don't mind?
I'll catch the Exton plane, because you know
If I don't come by midnight with the dough - " (ll. 417-428)
Shade’s poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade’s poem also needs a coda, Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane.”