In his commentary to Shade's poem Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade's mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) quotes the beginning of a sonnet that Conmal (Shakespeare’s Zemblan translator) composed directly in English:
Line 962: Help me, Will. Pale Fire.
Paraphrased, this evidently means: Let me look in Shakespeare for something I might use for a title. And the find is "pale fire." But in which of the Bard's works did our poet cull it? My readers must make their own research. All I have with me is a tiny vest pocket edition of Timon of Athens - in Zemblan! It certainly contains nothing that could be regarded as an equivalent of "pale fire" (if it had, my luck would have been a statistical monster).
English was not taught in Zembla before Mr. Campbell's time. Conmal mastered it all by himself (mainly by learning a lexicon by heart) as a young man, around 1880, when not the verbal inferno but a quiet military career seemed to open before him, and his first work (the translation of Shakespeare's Sonnets) was the outcome of a bet with a fellow officer. He exchanged his frogged uniform for a scholar's dressing gown and tackled The Tempest. A slow worker, he needed half a century to translate the works of him whom he called "dze Bart," in their entirety. After this, in 1930, he went on to Milton and other poets, steadily drilling through the ages, and had just completed Kipling's "The Rhyme of the Three Sealers" ("Now this is the Law of the Muscovite that he proves with shot and steel") when he fell ill and soon expired under his splendid painted bed ceil with its reproductions of Altamira animals, his last words in his last delirium being "Comment dit-on 'mourir' en anglais?" - a beautiful and touching end.
It is easy to sneer at Conmal's faults. They are the naive failings of a great pioneer. He lived too much in his library, too little among boys and youths. Writers should see the world, pluck its figs and peaches, and not keep constantly meditating in a tower of yellow ivory - which was also John Shade's mistake, in a way.
We should not forget that when Conmal began his stupendous task no English author was available in Zemblan except Jane de Faun, a lady novelist in ten volumes whose works, strangely enough, are unknown in England, and some fragments of Byron translated from French versions.
A large, sluggish man with no passions save poetry, he seldom moved from his warm castle and its fifty thousand crested books, and had been known to spend two years in bed reading and writing after which, much refreshed, he went for the first and only time to London, but the weather was foggy, and he could not understand the language, and so went back to bed for another year.
English being Conmal's prerogative, his Shakspere remained invulnerable throughout the greater part of his long life. The venerable Duke was famed for the nobility of his work; few dared question its fidelity. Personally, I had never the heart to check it. One callous Academician who did, lost his seat in result and was severely reprimanded by Conmal in an extraordinary sonnet composed directly in colorful, if not quite correct, English, beginning:
I am not slave! Let be my critic slave.
I cannot be. And Shakespeare would not want thus.
Let drawing students copy the acanthus,
I work with Master on the architrave! (note to Line 962)
Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and warm temperate regions. In his sonnet Flowers on the Top of the Pillars at the Entrance of the Cave (1833) William Wordsworth (an English poet, 1770-1850, who said "Scorn not the sonnet, critic!") mentions bright flowers, on frieze and architrave:
HOPE smiled when your nativity was cast,
Children of summer! Ye fresh flowers that brave
What summer here escapes not, the fierce wave,
And whole artillery of the western blast,
Battering the temple’s front, its long-drawn nave
Smiting, as if each moment were their last.
But ye, bright flowers, on frieze and architrave
Survive, and once again the pile stands fast:
Calm as the universe, from specular towers
Of heaven contemplated by spirits pure
With mute astonishment, it stands sustained
Through every part in symmetry, to endure,
Unhurt, the assault of Time with all his hours,
As the Supreme Artificer ordained.
According to Kinbote, he writes his commentary, index and foreword (in that order) to Shade's poem in a tourist log cabin in Cedarn, Utana:
These lines are represented in the drafts by a variant reading
39 ........... and home would haste my thieves
40The sun with stolen ice, the moon with leaves
One cannot help recalling a passage in Timon of Athens (Act IV, Scene 3) where the misanthrope talks to the three marauders. Having no library in the desolate log cabin where I live like Timon in his cave, I am compelled for the purpose of quick citation to retranslate this passage into English prose from a Zemblan poetical version of Timon which, I hope, sufficiently approximates the text, or is at least faithful to its spirit:
The sun is a thief: she lures the sea and robs it.
The moon is a thief: he steals his silvery light from the sun.
The sea is a thief: it dissolves the moon.
For a prudent appraisal of Conmal's translations of Shakespeare's works, see note to line 962. (note to Lines 39-40)
"Like Timon in his cave" and "my cave in Cedarn" (as Kinbote calls his desolate log cabin) bring to mind the title of Wordsworth's above quoted sonnet. Shakespeare's translator into Zemblan, Conmal is the king's uncle. In his essay Torzhestvo dobrodeteli ("The Triumph of Virtue," 1930) VN mentions otgolosok (an echo) of Uncle Tom's Cabin in some Soviet novels:
К счастью, нет никаких оснований предполагать, что советская литература в скором времени свернет с пути истины. Все благополучно, добродетель торжествует. Совершенно неважно, что превозносимое добро и караемое зло - добро и зло классовые. В этом маленьком классовом мире соотношения нравственных сил и приемы борьбы те же, что и в большом мире, человеческом. Все знакомые литературные типы, выражающие собой резко и просто хорошее или худое в человеке (или в обществе), светлые личности, никогда не темнеющие, и темные личности, обреченные на беспросветность, все эти старые наши знакомые, резонеры, элодеи, праведные грубияны и коварные льстецы, опять теснятся на страницах советской книги. Тут и отголосок "Хижины дяди Тома", и своеобразное повторение какой-нибудь темы из старых приложений к "Ниве" (молодая княжна увлекается отцовским секретарем, честным разночинцем с народническими наклонностями), и искание розы без шипов на торном пути от политического неведения к большевицкому откровению, и факел знания, и рыцарские приключения, где Красный Рыцарь разбивает один полчища врагов. То, что в общечеловеческой литературе до сих пор так или иначе еще держится в произведениях высоконравственных дам и писателей для юношества и будет, вероятно, держаться до конца мира, повторяется в советской литературе как нечто новое, с апломбом, с жаром, с упоением. Мы возвращаемся к самым истокам литературы, к простоте, еще не освященной вдохновением, и к нравоучительству, еще не лишенному пафоса. Советская литература несколько напоминает те отборные елейные библиотеки, которые бывают при тюрьмах и исправительных домах для просвещения и умиротворения заключенных.
According to VN, the Soviet literature resembles somewhat those select unctuous libraries that one can find in prisons.