In his commentary and index to Shade’s poem Kinbote (in VN's novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions the society sculptor and poet Arnor:
Our Prince was fond of Fleur as of a sister but with no soft shadow of incest or secondary homosexual complications. She had a small pale face with prominent cheekbones, luminous eyes, and curly dark hair. It was rumored that after going about with a porcelain cup and Cinderella's slipper for months, the society sculptor and poet Arnor had found in her what he sought and had used her breasts and feet for his Lilith Calling Back Adam; but I am certainly no expert in these tender matters. Otar, her lover, said that when you walked behind her, and she knew you were walking behind her, the swing and play of those slim haunches was something intensely artistic, something Arab girls were taught in special schools by special Parisian panders who were afterwards strangled. Her fragile ankles, he said, which she placed very close together in her dainty and wavy walk, were the "careful jewels" in Arnor's poem about a miragarl ("mirage girl"), for which "a dream king in the sandy wastes of time would give three hundred camels and three fountains."
On ságaren werém tremkín tri stána
Verbálala wod gév ut trí phantána
(I have marked the stress accents).
The Prince did not heed this rather kitschy prattle (all, probably, directed by her mother) and, let it be repeated, regarded her merely as a sibling, fragrant and fashionable, with a painted pout and a maussade, blurry, Gallic way of expressing the little she wished to express. Her unruffled rudeness toward the nervous and garrulous Countess amused him. He liked dancing with her - and only with her. He hardly squirmed at all when she stroked his hand or applied herself soundlessly with open lips to his cheek which the haggard after-the-ball dawn had already sooted. She did not seem to mind when he abandoned her for manlier pleasures; and she met him again in the dark of a car or in the half-glow of a cabaret with the subdued and ambiguous smile of a kissing cousin. (note to Line 80)
Arnor, Romulus, poet about town and Zemblan patriot, 1914-1958, his poem quoted, 80; executed by the Extremists. (Index)
Romulus Arnor (1914-58) dies at the age of forty-four. Kinbote and Gradus (Shade's murderer) were born in 1915 and die, aged forty-four, in 1959. In the name Arnor there is Arno, a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber. Allegory of The Tiber and Arno and The Apotheosis of Michelangelo are the reliefs by Bartolomeo Ammannati (one of the great sculptors and architects of the Italian Renaissance, 1511-92).
Allegory of The Tiber and Arno (c. 1564) depicts the two gods personifying the rivers of Rome and Florence, the principal cities where Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) worked. Both river gods are reclining symmetrically, each on an overturned urn pouring water that flows under their bodies. At left is Tiber, the river of Rome, identified with the She-Wolf nurturing Romulus and Remus, who led to the founding of the city, according to Roman mythology; some antique ruins are visible in the background. At right is Arno, the river of Florence, identified with the so-called Marzocco, the lion, protector of the city and representative of its power since the Middle Ages. In between, in the center of the relief, a panel enclosed by scrollwork and ferns bears the Latin inscription “COROLLIS FERIO SIDERA” (“I strike the heavens with my little crowns”), while a lily, heraldic symbol of Florence, is featured underneath.
Michelangelo is the author of Lilith, Adam and Eve (from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel):
At the end of Pushkin’s little tragedy Mozart and Salieri (1830) Salieri mentions Buonarotti and wonders if the Vatican’s creator was no murderer after all:
Ты заснёшь
Надолго, Моцарт! но ужель он прав,
И я не гений? Гений и злодейство
Две вещи несовместные. Неправда:
А Бонаротти? или это сказка
Тупой, бессмысленной толпы — и не был
Убийцею создатель Ватикана?
Your sleep
Will be a long one, Mozart. But is he right,
And I’m no genius? Genius and villainy
Are two things incompatible. Not true:
What about Buonarotti? Or is that just
A fable of stupid, senseless crowd,
And the Vatican’s creator was no murderer?
(Scene II)
In Pushkin’s little tragedy Mozart says that genius and villainy are two things incompatible:
Сальери
И, полно! что за страх ребячий?
Рассей пустую думу. Бомарше
Говаривал мне: "Слушай, брат Сальери,
Как мысли черные к тебе придут,
Откупори шампанского бутылку
Иль перечти "Женитьбу Фигаро".
Моцарт
Да! Бомарше ведь был тебе приятель;
Ты для него "Тарара" сочинил,
Вещь славную. Там есть один мотив...
Я все твержу его, когда я счастлив...
Ла ла ла ла... Ах, правда ли, Сальери,
Что Бомарше кого-то отравил?
Сальери
Не думаю: он слишком был смешон
Для ремесла такого.
Моцарт
Он же гений,
Как ты да я. А гений и злодейство -
Две вещи несовместные. Не правда ль?
Salieri
Come, come!
What sort of childish fright is this? Dispel
These empty fancies. Beaumarchais would often
Say to me "Listen, Salieri, old friend,
When black thoughts come your way, uncork the champagne
Bottle, or reread the Marriage of Figaro."
Mozart
Yes, you and Beaumarchais were pals, weren’t you?
It was for him you wrote Tarare, a lovely
Work. There is one tune in it, I always
Hum it to myself when I feel happy . . .
La la la la . . . Salieri, is it true
That Beaumarchais once poisoned somebody?
Salieri
I don’t think so. He was too droll a fellow
For such a trade.
Mozart
Besides, he was a genius,
Like you and me. And genius and villainy
Are two things incompatible, aren’t they? (Scene II)
(Scene II)
and uses the phrase nikto b (none would):
Когда бы все так чувствовали силу
Гармонии! но нет; тогда б не мог
И мир существовать; никто б не стал
Заботиться о нуждах низкой жизни;
Все предались бы вольному искусству.
If all could feel like you the power of harmony!
But no: the world could not go on then. None
Would bother with the needs of lowly life;
All would surrender to free art.
(Scene II)
Nikto b is Botkin (Shade’s, Kinbote’s and Gradus’ “real” name) in reverse. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s “real” name). Nadezhda means “hope.” There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on Oct. 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin’s Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc.”), will be full again. In one of his epigrams on Vorontsov Pushkin compares himself to David and Vorontsov, to Goliath:
Певец-Давид был ростом мал,
Но повалил же Голиафа,
Который был и генерал,
И, побожусь, не ниже графа.
David the bard was small,
but he managed to bring down Goliath,
who was a General and whose title,
I swear, was not lower than Count.
David is a masterpiece of Italian Renaissance sculpture in marble created from 1501 to 1504 by Michelangelo.
On the other hand, Arnor seems to combine Arnold Rubek, the main character (the sculptor) in Henrik Ibsen's last play When We Dead Awaken (Når vi døde vågner, 1899), with Nora Helmer, the main character in Ibsen's play A Doll's House (Et dukkehjem, 1879). A character in A Doll's House, Torvald Helmer (Nora's husband, a newly promoted bank manager) brings to mind Bertel Thorvaldsen (a Danish-Icelandic sculptor and medalist, 1770-1844). At the beginning of Ibsen's play Nora takes a packet of macaroons (light biscuits made with egg white, sugar, and ground almonds or coconut) from her pocket and eats one or two:
NORA.
There is a shilling. No, keep the change. [The PORTER thanks her, and goes out. NORA shuts the door. She is laughing to herself, as she takes off her hat and coat. She takes a packet of macaroons from her pocket and eats one or two; then goes cautiously to her husband’s door and listens.] Yes, he is in. [Still humming, she goes to the table on the right.] (Act I)
One of the greater Shadows (a regicidal organization) who visits Gradus in Nice, Izumrudov writes out for Gradus the king's name and address on a digestible brand of paper used by macaroon makers:
On the morning of July 16 (while Shade was working on the 698-746 section of his poem) dull Gradus, dreading another day of enforced inactivity in sardonically, sparkling, stimulatingly noisy Nice, decided that until hunger drove him out he would not budge from a leathern armchair in the simulacrum of a lobby among the brown smells of his dingy hotel. Unhurriedly he went through a heap of old magazines on a nearby table. There he sat, a little monument of taciturnity, sighing, puffing out his cheeks, licking his thumb before turning a page, gaping at the pictures, and moving his lips as he climbed down the columns of printed matter. Having replaced everything in a neat pile, he sank back in his chair closing and opening his gabled hands in various constructions of tedium – when a man who had occupied a seat next to him got up and walked into the outer glare leaving his paper behind. Gradus pulled it into his lap, spread it out – and froze over a strange piece of local news that caught his eye: burglars had broken into Villa Disa and ransacked a bureau, taking from a jewel box a number of valuable old medals.
Here was something to brood upon. Had this vaguely unpleasant incident some bearing on his quest? Should he do something about it? Cable headquarters? Hard to word succinctly a simple fact without having it look like a cryptogram. Airmail a clipping? He was in his room working on the newspaper with a safety razor blade when there was a bright rap-rap at the door. Gradus admitted an unexpected visitor – one of the greater Shadows, whom he had thought to be onhava-onhava ("far, far away"), in wild, misty, almost legendary Zembla! What stunning conjuring tricks our magical mechanical age plays with old mother space and old father time!
He was a merry, perhaps overmerry, fellow, in a green velvet jacket. Nobody liked him, but he certainly had a keen mind. His name, Izumrudov, sounded rather Russian but actually meant "of the Umruds," an Eskimo tribe sometimes seen paddling their umyaks (hide-lined boats) on the emerald waters of our northern shores. Grinning, he said friend Gradus must get together his travel documents, including a health certificate, and take the earliest available jet to New York. Bowing, he congratulataed him on having indicated with such phenomenal acumen the right place and the right way. Yes, after a thorough perlustration of the loot that Andron and Niagarushka had obtained from the Queen's rosewood writing desk (mostly bills, and treasured snapshots, and those silly medals) a letter from the King did turn up giving his address which was of all places – our man, who interrupted the herald of success to say he had never – was bidden not to display so much modesty. A slip of paper was now produced on which Izumrudov, shaking with laughter (death is hilarious), wrote out for Gradus their client's alias, the name of the university where he taught, and that of the town where it was situated. No, the slip was not for keeps. He could keep it only while memorizing it. This brand of paper (used by macaroon makers) was not only digestible but delicious. The gay green vision withdrew – to resume his whoring no doubt. How one hates such men! (note to Line 741)
Brand (1865) is a verse tragedy by Ibsen. In the penultimate line of his poem Vozmezdie («Retribution», 1910-21) Alexander Blok mentions quantum satis Branda voli (quantum satis of strong-willed Brand):
Когда ты загнан и забит
Людьми, заботой, иль тоскою;
Когда под гробовой доскою
Всё, что тебя пленяло, спит;
Когда по городской пустыне,
Отчаявшийся и больной,
Ты возвращаешься домой,
И тяжелит ресницы иней,
Тогда - остановись на миг
Послушать тишину ночную:
Постигнешь слухом жизнь иную,
Которой днём ты не постиг;
По-новому окинешь взглядом
Даль снежных улиц, дым костра,
Ночь, тихо ждущую утра
Над белым запушённым садом,
И небо - книгу между книг;
Найдёшь в душе опустошённой
Вновь образ матери склонённый,
И в этот несравненный миг -
Узоры на стекле фонарном,
Мороз, оледенивший кровь,
Твоя холодная любовь -
Всё вспыхнет в сердце благодарном,
Ты всё благословишь тогда,
Поняв, что жизнь - безмерно боле,
Чем quantum satis Бранда воли,
А мир - прекрасен, как всегда.
When you are cornered and depressed
By people, dues or anguish.
When, underneath the coffin lid,
All that inspired you, perished;
When through the deserted town dome,
Hopeless and weak,
You're finally returning home,
And rime is on thy eyelashes, -
Then - come to rest for short-lifted flash
To hear the silence of night
You'll fathom other life by ears
That's hard to fathom at daylight
In new way you will do the glance
Of long snow streets and foam of fire,
Of night, quite waiting for the lance
Of morning in white garden, piled.
Of heaven - Book among the books
You'll find in the drained soul
Again your loving mother's look
And at this moment, peerless, sole
The patterns on the lamppost's glass
The frost, that chilled your blood
Your stone-hold love, already past
All will flare up in your heart.
Then everything you'll highly bless
You'll see that life is much greater
Than quantum satis of strong-willed Brand
And the world is beautiful as always. (Chapter III)
Quantum satis means in Latin "the amount which is enough.” Shade’s poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik ("The Double") is a short novel (1846) by Dostoevski (a writer whom Shade lists among Russian humorists) and a poem (1909) by Blok. In his speech Dostoevski as an Artist and Thinker (1921) delievered on the hundredth anniversary of Dostoevski's birth Lunacharski (the minister of education in Lenin's government) compares Dostoevski to Michelangelo:
Чтобы понять, что делает Достоевский с психикой - возьмём хотя бы такой пример - вода. Для того, чтобы дать человеку полное представление о воде, заставить его объять все её свойства, надо ему показать воду, пар, лёд, разделить воду на составные части, показать, что такое тихое озеро, величаво катящая свои волны река, водопад, фонтан и проч. Словом - ему нужно показать все свойства, всю внутреннюю динамику воды. И, однако, этого всё-таки будет мало. Может быть, для того, чтобы понять динамику воды, нужно превысить данные возможности и фантастически представить человеку Ниагару, в сотню раз грандиознейшую, чем подлинная. Вот Достоевский и стремится превозмочь реальность и показать дух человеческий со всеми его неизмеримыми высотами и необъяснимыми глубинами со всех сторон. Как Микель Анджело скручивает человеческие тела в конвульсиях, в агонии, так Достоевский дух человеческий то раздувает до гиперболы, то сжимает до полного уничтожения, смешивает с грязью, низвергает его в глубины ада, то потом вдруг взмывает в самые высокие эмпиреи неба. Этими полётами человеческого духа Достоевский не только приковывает наше внимание, захватывает нас, открывает нам новые неизведанные красоты, но даёт очень много и нашему познанию, показывая нам неподозреваемые нами глубины души.
In his fragment Rim ("Rome," 1842) Gogol describes a carnival in Rome and mentions the great dead poet (il gran poeta morto) and his sonnet with a coda (sonetto colla coda):
Внимание толпы занял какой-то смельчак, шагавший на ходулях вравне с домами, рискуя всякую минуту быть сбитым с ног и грохнуться насмерть о мостовую. Но об этом, кажется, у него не было забот. Он тащил на плечах чучело великана,
придерживая его одной рукою, неся в другой написанный на бумаге сонет с приделанным к нему бумажным хвостом, какой бывает у бумажного змея, и крича во весь голос: "Ecco il gran poeta morto. Ecco il suo sonetto colla coda!"
In a footnote Gogol says that in Italian poetry there is a kind of poem known as sonnet with the tail (con la coda) and explains what a coda is:
В итальянской поэзии существует род стихотворенья, известного под именем сонета с хвостом (con la coda), - когда мысль не вместилась и ведет за собою прибавление, которое часто бывает длиннее самого сонета.
Gogol points out that a coda can be longer than the sonnet itself. Not only (the unwritten) Line 1001 of Shade's poem, but Kinbote's entire foreword, commentary and index can thus be regarded as a coda of Shade's poem.
In his poem Osnovateli ("The Founders," 1908) Nikolay Gumilyov (a poet who was executed by the Bolsheviks, 1886-1921) mentions Romulus and Remus:
Ромул и Рем взошли на гору,
Холм перед ними был дик и нем.
Ромул сказал: «Здесь будет город».
«Город, как солнце» — ответил Рем.
Ромул сказал: «Волей созвездий
Мы обрели наш древний почёт».
Рем отвечал: «Что было прежде,
Надо забыть, глянем вперёд».
«Здесь будет цирк, — промолвил Ромул, —
Здесь будет дом наш, открытый всем».
«Но надо поставить ближе к дому
Могильные склепы» — ответил Рем.
In the first stanza of his poem Florentsiya ("Florence," 1913) Gumilyov mentions the Arno:
О сердце, ты неблагодарно!
Тебе – и розовый миндаль,
И горы, вставшие над Арно,
И запах трав, и в блеске даль.
Но, тайновидец дней минувших,
Твой взор мучительно следит
Ряды в бездонном потонувших,
Тебе завещанных обид.
Тебе нужны слова иные.
Иная, страшная пора.
...Вот грозно стала Синьория,
И перед нею два костра.
Один, как шкура леопарда,
Разнообразен, вечно нов.
Там гибнет «Леда» Леонардо
Средь благовоний и шелков.
Другой, зловещий и тяжелый,
Как подобравшийся дракон,
Шипит: «Вотще Савонароллой
Мой дом державный потрясен».
Они ликуют, эти звери,
А между них, потупя взгляд,
Изгнанник бедный, Алигьери,
Стопой неспешной сходит в Ад.
In his poem Gumilyov mentions Leonardo da Vinci's lost painting Leda and the Swan. Duchess of Payn, of Great Payn and Mone, Queen Disa (the wife of Charles the Beloved) seems to be a cross between Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Desdemona, Othello's wife in Shakespeare's Othello. Sybil Shade (the poet's wife) and Queen Disa seem to be one and the same person whose "real" name is Sofia Botkin, born Lastochkin. Lastochki ("The Swallows," 1884) is a poem by Afanasiy Fet, a poet who married Maria Botkin in 1857. Vasiliy Botkin (Maria's elder brother) is the author of Mozart (1838), a biographical essay.