Describing his rented house, Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions his landlord’s four daughters (Alphina, Betty, Candida and Dee):
In the Foreword to this work I have had occasion to say something about the amenities of my habitation. The charming, charmingly vague lady (see note to line 691), who secured it for me, sight unseen, meant well, no doubt, especially since it was widely admired in the neighborhood for its "old-world spaciousness and graciousness." Actually, it was an old, dismal, white-and-black, half-timbered house, of the type termed wodnaggen in my country, with carved gables, drafty bow windows and a so-called "semi-noble" porch, surmounted by a hideous veranda. Judge Goldsworth had a wife, and four daughters. Family photographs met me in the hallway and pursued me from room to room, and although I am sure that Alphina (9), Betty (10), Candida (12), and Dee (14) will soon change from horribly cute little schoolgirls to smart young ladies and superior mothers, I must confess that their pert pictures irritated me to such an extent that finally I gathered them one by one and dumped them all in a closet under the gallows row of their cellophane-shrouded winter clothes. In the study I found a large picture of their parents, with sexes reversed, Mrs. G. resembling Malenkov, and Mr. G. a Medusa-locked hag, and this I replaced by the reproduction of a beloved early Picasso: earth boy leading raincloud horse. I did not bother, though, to do much about the family books which were also all over the house - four sets of different Children's Encyclopedias, and a stolid grown-up one that ascended all the way from shelf to shelf along a flight of stairs to burst an appendix in the attic. Judging by the novels in Mrs. Goldsworth's boudoir, her intellectual interests were fully developed, going as they did from Amber to Zen. The head of this alphabetic family had a library too, but this consisted mainly of legal works and a lot of conspicuously lettered ledgers. All the layman could glean for instruction and entertainment was a morocco-bound album in which the judge had lovingly pasted the life histories and pictures of people he had sent to prison or condemned to death: unforgettable faces of imbecile hoodlums, last smokes and last grins, a strangler's quite ordinary-looking hands, a self-made widow, the close-set merciless eyes of a homicidal maniac (somewhat resembling, I admit, the late Jacques d'Argus), a bright little parricide aged seven ("Now, sonny, we want you to tell us -"), and a sad pudgy old pederast who had blown up his blackmailer. What rather surprised me was that he, my learned landlord, and not his "missus," directed the household. Not only had he left me a detailed inventory of all such articles as cluster around a new tenant like a mob of menacing natives, but he had taken stupendous pains to write out on slips of paper recommendations, explanations, injunctions and supplementary lists. Whatever I touched on the first day of my stay yielded a specimen of Goldsworthiana. I unlocked the medicine chest in the second bathroom, and out fluttered a message advising me that the slit for discarded safety blades was too full to use. I opened the icebox, and it warned me with a bark that "no national specialties with odors hard to get rid of" should be placed therein. I pulled out the middle drawer of the desk in the study - and discovered a catalogue raisonné of its meager contents which included an assortment of ashtrays, a damask paperknife (described as "one ancient dagger brought by Mrs. Goldsworth's father from the Orient"), and an old but unused pocket diary optimistically maturing there until its calendric correspondencies came around again. Among various detailed notices affixed to a special board in the pantry, such as plumbing instructions, dissertations on electricity, discourses on cactuses and so forth, I found the diet of the black cat that came with the house:
Mon, Wed, Fri: Liver
Tue, Thu, Sat: Fish
Sun: Ground meat
(All it got from me was milk and sardines; it was a likable little creature but after a while its movements began to grate on my nerves and I farmed it out to Mrs. Finley, the cleaning woman.) But perhaps the funniest note concerned the manipulations of the window curtains which had to be drawn in different ways at different hours to prevent the sun from getting at the upholstery. A description of the position of the sun, daily and seasonal, was given for the several windows, and if I had heeded all this I would have been kept as busy as a participant in a regatta. A footnote, however, generously suggested that instead of manning the curtains, I might prefer to shift and reshift out of sun range the more precious pieces of furniture (two embroidered armchairs and a heavy "royal console") but should do it carefully lest I scratch the wall moldings. I cannot, alas, reproduce the meticulous schedule of these transposals but seem to recall that I was supposed to castle the long way before going to bed and the short way first thing in the morning. My dear Shade roared with laughter when I led him on a tour of inspection and had him find some of those bunny eggs for himself. Thank God, his robust hilarity dissipated the atmosphere of damnum infectum in which I was supposed to dwell. On his part, he regaled me with a number of anecdotes concerning the judge's dry wit and courtroom mannerisms; most of these anecdotes were doubtless folklore exaggerations, a few were evident inventions, and all were harmless. He did not bring up, my sweet old friend never did, ridiculous stories about the terrifying shadows that Judge Goldsworth's gown threw across the underworld, or about this or that beast lying in prison and positively dying of raghdirst (thirst for revenge) - crass banalities circulated by the scurrilous and the heartless - by all those for whom romance, remoteness, sealskin-lined scarlet skies, the darkening dunes of a fabulous kingdom, simply do not exist. But enough of this. Let us turn to our poet's windows. I have no desire to twist and batter an unambiguous apparatus criticus into the monstrous semblance of a novel. (note to Lines 47-48)
Judge Goldsworth's second eldest daughter, Candida brings to mind Oratio in Toga Candida, a speech given by Marcus Tullius Cicero (a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, 103 BC - 43 BC) during his election campaign in 64 BC for the consulship of 63 BC. A character in Alexander Herzen's novel Kto vinovat? ("Who is to Blame?", 1846), Ivan Afanasievich Meduzin (the teacher of Latin who is bald and does not resemble Medusa at all) is influenced by Cicero:
Иван Афанасьевич Медузин, учитель латинского языка и содержатель частной школы, был прекраснейший человек и вовсе не похож на Медузу — снаружи потому, что он был плешив, внутри потому, что он был полон не злобой, а настойкой. Медузиным его назвали в семинарии, во-первых, потому, что надобно было как-нибудь назвать, а во-вторых, потому, что у будущего ученого мужа волосы торчали все врознь и отличались необыкновенной толщиной, так что их можно было принять за проволоки, но сокрушающая сила времени «и ветер их разнес». Из семинарии Иван Афанасьевич, сверх приятной мифологической фамилии, вынес то прочное образование, которое обыкновенно сопровождает семинаристов до последнего дня их жизни и кладет на них ту самобытную печать, по которой вы узнаете бывшего семинариста во всех нарядах. Аристократические манеры не были отличительным свойством Медузина: он никогда не мог решиться ученикам говорить вы и не прибавлять в разговоре слов, мало употребляемых в высшем обществе. Ивану Афанасьевичу было лет пятьдесят. Сначала он был учителем в разных домах, наконец дошел до того, что завел свою собственную школу. Однажды приятель его, учитель, тоже из семинаристов, по прозванию Кафернаумский, отличавшийся тем, что у него с самого рождения не проходил пот и что он в тридцать градусов мороза беспрестанно утирался, а в тридцать жара у него просто открывалась капель с лица, встретив Ивана Афанасьевича в классе, сказал ему, нарочно при свидетелях:
— А ведь кажется, Иван Афанасьич, день тезоименитства вашего, если не ошибаюсь, приближается. Конечно, мы отпразднуем его и ныне по принятому уже вами обыкновению?
— Увидим, почтеннейший, увидим, — отвечал Иван Афанасьевич с усмешкою и на этот раз решился почему-то великолепнее обыкновенного отпраздновать свои именины.
Хозяйство Ивана Афанасьевича не было монтировано. Он жил лет пятнадцать безвыездно в NN, но можно было думать, что он только вчера приехал в город и не успел ничего завести. Это было не столько от скупости, сколько от совершенного неведения вещей, потребных для человека, живущего в гражданском обществе. Приготовляясь дать бал, он осмотрел свое хозяйство; оказалось, что у него было шесть чайных чашек, из них две превратились в стаканчики, потеряв единственные ручки свои; при них всех состояли три блюдечка; был у него самовар, несколько тарелок, колеблющихся на столе, потому что кухарка накупила их из браку, два стаканчика на ножках, которые Медузин скромно называл «своими водочными рюмками», три чубука, заткнутых какой-то грязью, вероятно, чтоб не было сквозного ветра внутри их. Вот и все. А он назвал всех школьных учителей; долго думал он, как быть, и наконец позвал кухарку свою Пелагею (заметьте, что он ее никогда не называл Палагеей, а, как следует, Пелагеей; равно слова «четверток» и «пяток» он не заменял изнеженными «четверг» и «пятница»).
Пелагея была супруга одного храброго воина, ушедшего через неделю после свадьбы в милицию и с тех пор не сыскавшего времени ни воротиться, ни написать весть о смерти своей, чем самым он оставил Пелагею в весьма неприятном положении вдовы, состоящей в подозрении, что ее муж жив. Я имею тысячу причин думать, что толстая, высокая, повязанная платком и украшенная бородавками и очень темными бровями Пелагея имела в заведывании своем не только кухню, но и сердце Медузина, но я вам их не скажу, потому что тайны частной жизни для меня священны. Она явилась. Он объяснил ей свое затруднительное положение.
— Эк ведь лукавый-то вас, — отвечала Пелагея, — а туда же, ученые! Как, прости господи, мальчишка точно неразумный, эдакую ораву назвать, а другой раз десяти копеек на портомойное не выпросишь! Что теперь станем делать? Перед людьми-то страм: точно погорелое место.
— Пелагея! — возразил громким голосом Медузин. — Не употребляй во зло терпение моё; именины править с друзьями хочу, хочу и сделаю; возражений бабьих не терплю.
Влияние Цицерона было бы заметно каждому, но Пелагея, взволнованная вестью о празднике, не думали о Цицероне. (Part Two, chapter VI)
Kinbote's landlord, Judge Goldsworth resembles a Medusa-locked hag. Tridtsat' gradusov moroza (thirty degrees of frost), a phrase used by Herzen, brings to mind Jakob Gradus (Shade's murderer). The title of Herzen's novel makes one think of Kinbote's parenthetical question, "who is to blame, dear S.S.?":
In 1933, Prince Charles was eighteen and Disa, Duchess of Payn, five. The allusion is to Nice (see also line 240) where the Shades spent the first part of that year; but here again, as in regard to so many fascinating facets of my friend’s past life, I am not in the possession of particulars (who is to blame, dear S.S.?) and not in the position to say whether or not, in the course of possible excursions along the coast, they ever reached Cap Turc and glimpsed from an oleander-lined lane, usually open to tourists, the Italianate villa built by Queen Disa’s grandfather in 1908, and called then Villa Paradiso, or in Zemblan Villa Paradisa, later to forego the first half of its name in honor of his favorite granddaughter. There she spent the first fifteen summers of her life; thither did she return in 1953, “for reasons of health” (as impressed on the nation) but really, a banished queen; and there she still dwells.
When the Zemblan Revolution broke out (May 1, 1958), she wrote the King a wild letter in governess English, urging him to come and stay with her until the situation cleared up. The letter was intercepted by the Onhava police, translated into crude Zemblan by a Hindu member of the Extremist party, and then read aloud to the royal captive in a would-be ironic voice by the preposterous commandant of the palace. There happened to be in that letter one - only one, thank God - sentimental sentence: "I want you to know that no matter how much you hurt me, you cannot hurt my love," and this sentence (if we re-English it from the Zemblan) came out as: "I desire you and love when you flog me." He interrupted the commandant, calling him a buffoon and a rogue, and insulting everybody around so dreadfully that the Extremists had to decide fast whether to shoot him at once or let him have the original of the letter. (note to Lines 433-434)
Duchess of Payn, of Great Payn and Mone, Queen Disa (the wife of Charles the Beloved) seems to be a cross between Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Desdemona, Othello's wife in Shakespeare's Othello. Aged seventeen, Herzen's youngest daughter Liza (1858-75; officially, she was the daughter of Herzen's friend Ogaryov) committed suicide in Florence. She was buried in Nice, beside her father's grave.
Sybil Shade (the poet's wife) and Queen Disa seem to be one and the same person whose "real" name is Sofia Botkin, born Lastochkin. Lastochki ("The Swallows," 1884) is a poem by Afanasiy Fet (who in 1857 married Maria Botkin). In a letter of Dec. 10, 1867, to M. K. Reichel Herzen mentions Rondinella pelegrina (a poem by Tommaso Grossi, set to music by Anton Rubinstein):
Горы двигаются мало, а люди двигаются много, и я опять здесь. Замечательно, что в 1847 я был при нарождении Италии — а теперь присутствую при ее кончине. Жития было двадцать лет. Убита корсиканцем середь белого дня. Вот вам и Rondinella pelegrina — Pelegrina rondinella.
Rondine is Italian for "swallow." La rondine ("The Swallow," 1917) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini.
In his fragment Le Dualism, c'est la monarchie (1854) written in French and published in Almanach de l’exil pour 1855 (it was translated into Russian in 1932) Herzen mentions le sens de ces Livres Sybillins de la morale (the meaning of these Sibylline Books of moral):
Le temps est venu d'analyser le sens de ces Livres Sybillins de la morale, et de livrer à la risée du monde leur contenu conlus et boursouflé.