In VN's novel Pale Fire (1962), Shade’s poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla, Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik ("The Double") is a short novel (1846) by Fyodor Dostoevski and a poem (1887) by Konstantin Fofanov (a minor poet, 1862-1911). Dostoevski's novel Zapiski iz podpol'ya ("Notes from the Underground," 1864) brings to mind Poslednee podpol'ye V. I. Lenina ("The Last Hiding of V. I. Lenin"), a memoir article by Margarita Fofanov (the hostess of the safe house in Petrograd where Lenin lived for almost a month after returning from Finland at the end of September 1917 until October 25, when the Bolsheviks took over) that appeared in the Soviet magazine Istoricheskiy arkhiv ("The Historical Archive," No. 4, 1956). Khozyayka ("The Landlady," 1847) is a novella by Dostoevski. Kinbote's landlady, Mrs. Goldsworth resembles Malenkov (a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Stalin as the leader of the USSR):
In the Foreword to this work I have had occasion to say something about the amenities of my habitation. The charming, charmingly vague lady (see note to line 691), who secured it for me, sight unseen, meant well, no doubt, especially since it was widely admired in the neighborhood for its "old-world spaciousness and graciousness." Actually, it was an old, dismal, white-and-black, half-timbered house, of the type termed wodnaggen in my country, with carved gables, drafty bow windows and a so-called "semi-noble" porch, surmounted by a hideous veranda. Judge Goldsworth had a wife, and four daughters. Family photographs met me in the hallway and pursued me from room to room, and although I am sure that Alphina (9), Betty (10), Candida (12), and Dee (14) will soon change from horribly cute little schoolgirls to smart young ladies and superior mothers, I must confess that their pert pictures irritated me to such an extent that finally I gathered them one by one and dumped them all in a closet under the gallows row of their cellophane-shrouded winter clothes. In the study I found a large picture of their parents, with sexes reversed, Mrs. G. resembling Malenkov, and Mr. G. a Medusa-locked hag, and this I replaced by the reproduction of a beloved early Picasso: earth boy leading raincloud horse. I did not bother, though, to do much about the family books which were also all over the house - four sets of different Children's Encyclopedias, and a stolid grown-up one that ascended all the way from shelf to shelf along a flight of stairs to burst an appendix in the attic. Judging by the novels in Mrs. Goldsworth's boudoir, her intellectual interests were fully developed, going as they did from Amber to Zen. The head of this alphabetic family had a library too, but this consisted mainly of legal works and a lot of conspicuously lettered ledgers. All the layman could glean for instruction and entertainment was a morocco-bound album in which the judge had lovingly pasted the life histories and pictures of people he had sent to prison or condemned to death: unforgettable faces of imbecile hoodlums, last smokes and last grins, a strangler's quite ordinary-looking hands, a self-made widow, the close-set merciless eyes of a homicidal maniac (somewhat resembling, I admit, the late Jacques d'Argus), a bright little parricide aged seven ("Now, sonny, we want you to tell us -"), and a sad pudgy old pederast who had blown up his blackmailer. What rather surprised me was that he, my learned landlord, and not his "missus," directed the household. Not only had he left me a detailed inventory of all such articles as cluster around a new tenant like a mob of menacing natives, but he had taken stupendous pains to write out on slips of paper recommendations, explanations, injunctions and supplementary lists. Whatever I touched on the first day of my stay yielded a specimen of Goldsworthiana. I unlocked the medicine chest in the second bathroom, and out fluttered a message advising me that the slit for discarded safety blades was too full to use. I opened the icebox, and it warned me with a bark that "no national specialties with odors hard to get rid of" should be placed therein. I pulled out the middle drawer of the desk in the study - and discovered a catalogue raisonné of its meager contents which included an assortment of ashtrays, a damask paperknife (described as "one ancient dagger brought by Mrs. Goldsworth's father from the Orient"), and an old but unused pocket diary optimistically maturing there until its calendric correspondencies came around again. Among various detailed notices affixed to a special board in the pantry, such as plumbing instructions, dissertations on electricity, discourses on cactuses and so forth, I found the diet of the black cat that came with the house:
Mon, Wed, Fri: Liver
Tue, Thu, Sat: Fish
Sun: Ground meat
(All it got from me was milk and sardines; it was a likable little creature but after a while its movements began to grate on my nerves and I farmed it out to Mrs. Finley, the cleaning woman.) But perhaps the funniest note concerned the manipulations of the window curtains which had to be drawn in different ways at different hours to prevent the sun from getting at the upholstery. A description of the position of the sun, daily and seasonal, was given for the several windows, and if I had heeded all this I would have been kept as busy as a participant in a regatta. A footnote, however, generously suggested that instead of manning the curtains, I might prefer to shift and reshift out of sun range the more precious pieces of furniture (two embroidered armchairs and a heavy "royal console") but should do it carefully lest I scratch the wall moldings. I cannot, alas, reproduce the meticulous schedule of these transposals but seem to recall that I was supposed to castle the long way before going to bed and the short way first thing in the morning. My dear Shade roared with laughter when I led him on a tour of inspection and had him find some of those bunny eggs for himself. Thank God, his robust hilarity dissipated the atmosphere of damnum infectum in which I was supposed to dwell. On his part, he regaled me with a number of anecdotes concerning the judge's dry wit and courtroom mannerisms; most of these anecdotes were doubtless folklore exaggerations, a few were evident inventions, and all were harmless. He did not bring up, my sweet old friend never did, ridiculous stories about the terrifying shadows that Judge Goldsworth's gown threw across the underworld, or about this or that beast lying in prison and positively dying of raghdirst (thirst for revenge) - crass banalities circulated by the scurrilous and the heartless - by all those for whom romance, remoteness, sealskin-lined scarlet skies, the darkening dunes of a fabulous kingdom, simply do not exist. But enough of this. Let us turn to our poet's windows. I have no desire to twist and batter an unambiguous apparatus criticus into the monstrous semblance of a novel. (note to Lines 47-48)
Kinbote's landlord, Judge Goldsworth resembles a Medusa-locked hag. In Ilf and Petrov's novel Zolotoy telyonok ("The Little Golden Calf," 1931) Ostap Bender says that he knew a midwife whose name was Medusa-Gorgoner:
Внезапно дорогу братьям преградил человек со складным мольбертом и полированным ящиком для красок в руках. Он имел настолько взбудораженный вид, словно бы только что выскочил из горящего здания, успев спасти из огня лишь мольберт и ящик.
— Простите, — звонко сказал он, — тут только что должен был пройти товарищ Плотский-Поцелуев. Вы его не встретили? Он здесь не проходил?
— Мы таких никогда не встречаем, — грубо сказал Балаганов.
Художник толкнул Бендера в грудь, сказал «пардон» и устремился дальше.
— Плотский-Поцелуев? — ворчал великий комбинатор, который еще не завтракал. — У меня самого была знакомая акушерка по фамилии Медуза-Горгонер, и я не делал из этого шума, не бегал по улицам с криками: «Не видали ли вы часом гражданки Медузы-Горгонер? Она, дескать, здесь прогуливалась». Подумаешь! Плотский-Поцелуев!
Suddenly a man with a portable easel and a shiny paintbox in his hands blocked their path.
He had the wild-eyed look of a man who had just escaped from a burning building, and the easel and the box were all he had managed to salvage.
"Excuse me," he said loudly. "Comrade Platonikov-Pervertov was supposed to pass by here a moment ago.
You haven't seen him, by any chance?
Was he here?"
"We never see people like that," answered Balaganov rudely.
The artist bumped into Bender's chest, mumbled "Pardon!", and rushed on.
"Platonikov-Pervertov?" grumbled the grand strategist, who hadn't had his breakfast yet. "I personally knew a midwife whose name was Medusa-Gorgoner, and I didn't make a big fuss over it. I didn't run down the street shouting: 'Have you by any chance seen Comrade Medusa-Gorgoner? She's been out for a walk here.' Big deal! Platonikov-Pervertov!" (Chapter 8 “An Artistic Crisis”)
In a conversation at the Faculty Club Professor Pardon (American History) says that the slapdash disheveled hag who ladles out the mash in the Levin Hall cafeteria (one of the three people whom Shade has been said to resemble) looks like Judge Goldsworth:
Shade [smiling and massaging my knee]: "Kings do not die--they only disappear, eh, Charles?"
"Who said that?" asked sharply, as if coming out of a trance, the ignorant, and always suspicious, Head of the English Department.
"Take my own case," continued my dear friend ignoring Mr. H. "I have been said to resemble at least four people: Samuel Johnson; the lovingly reconstructed ancestor of man in the Exton Museum; and two local characters, one being the slapdash disheveled hag who ladles out the mash in the Levin Hall cafeteria."
"The third in the witch row," I precised quaintly, and everybody laughed.
"I would rather say," remarked Mr. Pardon--American History--"that she looks like Judge Goldsworth" ("One of us," interposed Shade inclining his head), "especially when he is real mad at the whole world after a good dinner." (note to Line 894)
Levin Hall seems to combine levyi (left, Leftist) with Lenin. According to Oswin Bretwit (the former Zemblan consul whom Gradus visits in Paris), His Majesty King Charles the Beloved is left-handed:
“All right, I am ready. Give me the sign,” he avidly said.
Gradus, deciding to risk it, glanced at the hand in Bretwit’s lap: unperceived by its owner, it seemed to be prompting Gradus in a manual whisper. He tried to copy what it was doing its best to convey—mere rudiments of the required sign.
“No, no,” said Bretwit with an indulgent smile for the awkward novice. “The other hand, my friend. His Majesty is left-handed, you know.”
Gradus tried again—but, like an expelled puppet, the wild little prompter had disappeared. Sheepishly contemplating his five stubby strangers, Gradus went through the motions of an incompetent and half-paralyzed shadow-grapher and finally made an uncertain V-for-Victory sign. Bretwit’s smile began to fade. (note to Line 286)
Describing the Shadows (a regicidal organization), Kinbote mockingly calls Gradus (a member of the Shadows who contended that the real origin of his name should be thought in the Russian word for grape, vinograd) "Vinogradus" and "Leningradus." According to Kinbote, Shade listed Dostoevski among Russian humorists, along with those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
Merezhkovski's essay on the twenty-fifth anniversary of Dostoevski's death is entitled Prorok russkoy revolyutsii ("The Prophet of the Russian Revolution," 1906). Prorok ("The Prophet") is a poem (1826) by Pushkin and a poem (1841) by Lermontov. In his sonnet Fofanov Igor Severyanin calls Fofanov prorok (a prophet) and rhymes prorok with porok (vice). Vasisualiy Lokhankin i ego rol' v russkoy revolyutsii ("Vasisualiy Lokhankin and his Role in the Russian Revolution") is a chapter in Ilf and Petrov's novel The Little Golden Calf. Vasisualiy Lokhankin (a satire on the Kadets) is the landlord of Ostap Bender and the members of the Antelope Gnu team in Chernomorsk.