At the beginning of Canto Three of his poem John Shade (the poet in VN's novel Pale Fire, 1962) says that IPH (a lay Institute of Preparation for the Hereafter) engaged him for one term to speak on death ("to lecture on the Worm," wrote President McAber):
L'if, lifeless tree! Your great Maybe, Rabelais:
The grand potato.
I.P.H., a lay
Institute (I) of Preparation (P)
For the Hereafter (H), or If, as we
Called it--big if!--engaged me for one term
To speak on death ("to lecture on the Worm,"
Wrote President McAber).
You and I,
And she, then a mere tot, moved from New Wye
To Yewshade, in another, higher state. (ll. 500-509)
"To lecture on the Worm" brings to mind James Wormold, the protagonist (a vacuum cleaner salesman who is recruited by the British Intelligence Service) of Graham Greene's novel (a black comedy) Our Man in Havana (1958), and Ivan Chervyakov (cherv', or chervyak, is the Russian word for worm), in VN's novel Dar ("The Gift," 1937) a character in Shirin's novel Sedina ("The Hoary Abyss"):
Федор Константинович собрался было во-свояси, когда его сзади окликнул шепелявый голос: он принадлежал Ширину, автору романа "Седина" (с эпиграфом из книги Иова), очень сочувственно встреченного эмигрантской критикой. ("Господи, отче - --? По Бродваю, в лихорадочном шорохе долларов, гетеры и дельцы в гетрах, дерясь, падая, задыхаясь, бежали за золотым тельцом, который, шуршащими боками протискиваясь между небоскребами, обращал к электрическому небу изможденный лик свой и выл. В Париже, в низкопробном притоне, старик Лашез, бывший пионер авиации, а ныне дряхлый бродяга, топтал сапогами старуху-проститутку Буль-де-Сюиф. Господи отчего - --? Из московского подвала вышел палач и, присев у конуры, стал тюлюкать мохнатого щенка: Махонький, приговаривал он, махонький... В Лондоне лорды и лэди танцевали джими и распивали коктайль, изредка посматривая на эстраду, где на исходе восемнадцатого ринга огромный негр кнок-оутом уложил на ковер своего белокурого противника. В арктических снегах, на пустом ящике из-под мыла, сидел путешественник Эриксен и мрачно думал: Полюс или не полюс?.. Иван Червяков бережно обстригал бахрому единственных брюк. Господи, отчего Вы дозволяете все это?"). Сам Ширин был плотный, коренастый человек, с рыжеватым бобриком, всегда плохо выбритый, в больших очках, за которыми, как в двух аквариумах, плавали два маленьких, прозрачных глаза, совершенно равнодушных к зрительным впечатлениям. Он был слеп как Мильтон, глух как Бетховен, и глуп как бетон. Святая ненаблюдательность (а отсюда - полная неосведомленность об окружающем мире - и полная неспособность что-либо именовать) - свойство, почему-то довольно часто встречающееся у русского литератора-середняка, словно тут действует некий благотворный рок, отказывающий безталанному в благодати чувственного познания, дабы он зря не изгадил материала. Бывает, конечно, что в таком темном человеке играет какой-то собственный фонарик, - не говоря о том, что известны случаи, когда по прихоти находчивой природы, любящей неожиданные приспособления и подмены, такой внутренний свет поразительно ярок - на зависть любому краснощекому таланту. Но даже Достоевский всегда как-то напоминает комнату, в которой днем горит лампа.
Fyodor was about to walk home when a lisping voice called him from behind: it belonged to Shirin, author of the novel The Hoary Abyss (with an Epigraph from the Book of Job) which had been received very sympathetically by the émigré critics. (“Oh Lord, our Father! Down Broadway in a feverish rustle of dollars, hetaeras and businessmen in spats, shoving, falling and out of breath, were running after the golden calf, which pushed its way, rubbing against walls between the skyscrapers, then turned its emaciated face to the electric sky and howled. In Paris, in a low-class dive, the old man Lachaise, who had once been an aviation pioneer but was now a decrepit vagabond, trampled under his boots an ancient prostitute, Boule de Suif. Oh Lord, why—? Out of a Moscow basement a killer came out, squatted by a kennel and began to coax a shaggy pup: little one, he repeated, little one… In London, lords and ladies danced the Jimmie and imbibed cocktails, glancing from time to time at a platform where at the end of the eighteenth ring a huge Negro had laid his fair-haired opponent on the carpet with a knockout. Amid arctic snows the explorer Ericson sat on an empty soapbox and thought gloomily: The pole or not the pole?… Ivan Chervyakov carefully trimmed the fringe of his only pair of pants. Oh Lord, why dost Thou permit all this?”). Shirin himself was a thickset man with a reddish crew cut, always badly shaved and wearing large spectacles behind which, as in two aquariums, swam two tiny, transparent eyes—which were completely impervious to visual impressions. He was blind like Milton, deaf like Beethoven, and a blockhead to boot. A blissful incapacity for observation (and hence complete unin-formedness about the surrounding world—and a complete inability to put a name to anything) is a quality quite frequently met with among the average Russian literati, as if a beneficent fate were at work refusing the blessing of sensory cognition to the untalented so that they will not wantonly mess up the material. It happens, of course, that such a benighted person has some little lamp of his own glimmering inside him—not to speak of those known instances in which, through the caprice of resourceful nature that loves startling adjustments and substitutions, such an inner light is astonishingly bright—enough to make the envy of the ruddiest talent. But even Dostoevski always brings to mind somehow a room in which a lamp burns during the day. (Chapter Five)
The Russian title of Shirin's novel, Sedina (Gray Hair), brings to mind the saying sedina v borodu, bes v rebro ("there is no fool like an old fool;" literally: "grey in the beard, lust in the ribs"). Shade's mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla, Kinbote is bearded:
One day I happened to enter the English Literature office in quest of a magazine with the picture of the Royal Palace in Onhava, which I wanted my friend to see, when I overheard a young instructor in a green velvet jacket, whom I shall mercifully call Gerald Emerald, carelessly saying in answer to something the secretary had asked: "I guess Mr Shade has already left with the Great Beaver." Of course, I am quite tall, and my brown beard is of a rather rich tint and texture; the silly cognomen evidently applied to me, but was not worth noticing, and after calmly taking the magazine from a pamphlet-cluttered table, I contented myself on my way out with pulling Gerald Emerald's bow-tie loose with a deft jerk of my fingers as I passed by him. (Foreword)
The title of Shirin's novel in the English version of VN's Dar, "The Hoary Abyss," makes one think of the foul, the inadmissible abyss that Shade decided to explore in his demented youth:
There was a time in my demented youth
When somehow I suspected that the truth
About survival after death was known -
To every human being: I alone
Knew nothing, and a great conspiracy
Of books and people hid the truth from me.
There was the day when I began to doubt
Man's sanity: How could he live without
Knowing for sure what dawn, what death, what doom
Awaited consciousness beyond the tomb?
And finally there was the sleepless night
When I decided to explore and fight
The foul, the inadmissible abyss,
Devoting all my twisted life to this One task.
Today I'm sixty-one. Waxwings
Are berry-pecking. A cicada sings. (ll. 167-182)
At the end of Canto Three of his poem Shade wonders if he should take the hint and stop investigating his abyss:
Life Everlasting – based on a misprint!
I mused as I drove homeward: take the hint,
And stop investigating my abyss?
But all at once it dawned on me that this
Was the real point, the contrapuntal theme;
Just this: not text, but texture; not the dream
But a topsy-turvical coincidence,
Not flimsy nonsense, but a web of sense.
Yes! It sufficed that I in life could find
Some kind of link-and-bobolink, some kind
Of correlated pattern in the game,
Plexed artistry, and something of the same
Pleasure in it as they who played it found. (ll. 803-815)
In Pushkin's little tragedy Pir vo vremya chumy ("A Feast in Time of Plague," 1830), Walsingham (the Chairman of the Feast), in his Gimn v chest' chumy ("A Hymn in Honor of Plague"), mentions the edge of a dark abyss:
Есть упоение в бою,
И бездны мрачной на краю,
И в разъяренном океане,
Средь грозных волн и бурной тьмы,
И в аравийском урагане,
И в дуновении Чумы.
There is a certain thrill in battle,
And on the edge of a dark abyss,
And in the raging ocean,
Amidst the terrible waves and stormy dark,
And in the Arabian hurricane,
And in the breath of the Plague.
Araviyskiy uragan (the Arabian hurricane) mentioned by Pushkin's Walsingham brings to mind Hurricane Lolita that swept from Florida to Maine (in Canto Three of Shade's poem):
It was a year of Tempests: Hurricane
Lolita swept from Florida to Maine.
Mars glowed. Shahs married. Gloomy Russians spied.
Lang made your portrait. And one night I died. (ll. 679-682)
In Pushkin's little tragedy, Louise faints when she sees a Negro drivig a wagon full of dead bodies:
Председатель
Послушайте: я слышу стук колес!
Едет телега, наполненная мертвыми телами. Негр управляет ею.
Ага! Луизе дурно; в ней, я думал,
По языку судя, мужское сердце.
Но так-то — нежного слабей жестокий,
И страх живет в душе, страстьми томимой!
Брось, Мери, ей воды в лицо. Ей лучше.
Мери
Сестра моей печали и позора,
Приляг на грудь мою.
Луиза (приходя в чувство)
Ужасный демон
Приснился мне: весь черный, белоглазый....
Он звал меня в свою тележку. В ней
Лежали мертвые — и лепетали
Ужасную, неведомую речь....
Скажите мне: во сне ли это было?
Проехала ль телега?
Chairman
Listen: I hear the rattling of wheels!
(A wagon passes by, filled with corpses. A black man is driving it.)
Ah! Louise has fainted; and I thought she had in her,
To judge by her words, a man’s heart.
But so it is: the cruel man is weaker than the tender,
And fear dwells in the soul tormented by the passions!
Mary, throw some water in her face. There, she’s better.
Mary
Sister of my sadness and disgrace,
Rest here against my chest.
Louise
(regaining her senses)
A terrible demon
Appeared in my dreams: all black, with white eyes…
He called me to get into his wagon. And in it
Lay the dead — and prattled
Some terrible and unknown speech…
Tell me: was this a dream?
Did a wagon drive past?
In the last lines of his poem Shade mentions some neighbor's gardener (according to Kinbote, Shade saw his black gardener) trundling an empty barrow up the lane:
Somewhere horseshoes are being tossed. Click, Clunk.
(Leaning against its lamppost like a drunk.)
A dark Vanessa with crimson band
Wheels in the low sun, settles on the sand
And shows its ink-blue wingtips flecked with white.
And through the flowing shade and ebbing light
A man, unheedful of the butterfly -
Some neighbor's gardener, I guess - goes by
Trundling an empty barrow up the lane. (ll. 991-999)
In Canto One of his poem Shade describes a strange fainting fit he had had in his childhood and mentions a clockwork toy - a tin wheelbarrow pushed by a tin boy:
One day,
When I'd just turned eleven, as I lay
Prone on the floor and watched a clockwork toy -
A tin wheelbarrow pushed by a tin boy -
Bypass chair legs and stray beneath the bed,
There was a sudden sunburst in my head.
And then black night. That blackness was sublime.
I felt distributed through space and time:
One foot upon a mountaintop, one hand
Under the pebbles of a panting strand,
One ear in Italy, one eye in Spain,
In caves, my blood, and in the stars, my brain.
There were dull throbs in my Triassic; green
Optical spots in Upper Pleistocene,
An icy shiver down my Age of Stone,
And all tomorrows in my funnybone. (ll. 141-156)
In his commentary Kinbote writes:
Line 143: a clockwork toy
By a stroke of luck I have seen it! One evening in May or June I dropped in to remind my friend about a collection of pamphlets, by his grandfather, an eccentric clergyman, that he had once said was stored in the basement. I found him gloomily waiting for some people (members of his department, I believe, and their wives) who were coming for a formal dinner. He willingly took me down into the basement but after rummaging among piles of dusty books and magazines, said he would try to find them some other time. It was then that I saw it on a shelf, between a candlestick and a handless alarm clock. He, thinking I might think it had belonged to his dead daughter, hastily explained it was as old as he. The boy was a little Negro of painted tin with a keyhole in his side and no breadth to speak of, just consisting of two more or less fused profiles, and his wheelbarrow was now all bent and broken. He said, brushing the dust off his sleeves, that he kept it as a kind of memento mori - he had had a strange fainting fit one day in his childhood while playing with that toy. We were interrupted by Sybil's voice calling from above; but never mind, now the rusty clockwork shall work again, for I have the key.
Part Three of Lev Shestov's book Potestas Clavium (“Power of the Keys,” 1923) begins with an essay entitled Memento Mori. In Tysyacha i odna noch’ (“A Thousand and One Nights”), the Preface to Potestas clavium, Lev Shestov says that mankind is plunged into a perpetual night – even in a thousand and one nights:
Человечество живёт не в свете, а во тьме, окутанное одною непрерывною ночью. Нет, не одной, и не двумя, и не десятью - а тысячью и одной ночью!
Mankind does not live in the light but in the bosom of darkness; it is plunged into a perpetual night. No! Not in one or two or ten but in a thousand and one nights! (4)
Shade's poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik ("The Double," 1846) is a short novel by Dostoevski (a writer who, according to Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev, the narrator and main character in The Gift, resembles a lamp that burns during the day). A Russian philosopher, Lev Shestov (born Yeguda Lev Shvartsman, 1866-1938) is the author of Na vesakh Iova ("In Job's Balances," 1929), a collection of essays. Shirin's novel The Hoary Abyss has an Epigraph from the Book of Job. The author of a remarkable book on surnames, Kinbote would certainly know that the surname Chervyakov (a character in Shirin's novel) comes from cherv' (btw., chervi, plural of cherv', means "hearts," one of the four playing card suits; chervonnyi, or chervlyonyi, means "red;" and chervonets is a ten-ruble coin). Ya tsar' - ya rab - ya cherv' - ya Bog ("I'm a king - I'm a slave - I'm a worm - I'm God) is a line in Derzhavin's great ode Bog ("God," 1784). It was used by Pushkin as the epigraph to Chapter II of his unfinished novella Egipetskie nochi ("The Egyptian Nights," 1835). Its main character is Charski, an aristocratic poet and writer living in St. Petersburg. There is luna (the moon) and Charski in Lunacharski (the minister of education in Lenin's government). In his speech on Dostoevski (delivered on the hundredth anniversary of the writer’s birth), Dostoevskiy kak khudozhnik i myslitel' ("Dostoevski as an Artist and Thinker," 1921), Lunacharski (the minister of education in Lenin’s government) takes the example of water in order to explain Dostoevski’s treatment of man’s psyche. According to Lunacharski, to understand the dynamics of water one must imagine a fantastic Niagara Falls, a hundred times more grandiose than the real one:
Чтобы понять, что делает Достоевский с психикой - возьмём хотя бы такой пример - вода. Для того, чтобы дать человеку полное представление о воде, заставить его объять все её свойства, надо ему показать воду, пар, лёд, разделить воду на составные части, показать, что такое тихое озеро, величаво катящая свои волны река, водопад, фонтан и проч. Словом - ему нужно показать все свойства, всю внутреннюю динамику воды. И, однако, этого всё-таки будет мало. Может быть, для того, чтобы понять динамику воды, нужно превысить данные возможности и фантастически представить человеку Ниагару, в сотню раз грандиознейшую, чем подлинная. Вот Достоевский и стремится превозмочь реальность и показать дух человеческий со всеми его неизмеримыми высотами и необъяснимыми глубинами со всех сторон. Как Микель Анджело скручивает человеческие тела в конвульсиях, в агонии, так Достоевский дух человеческий то раздувает до гиперболы, то сжимает до полного уничтожения, смешивает с грязью, низвергает его в глубины ада, то потом вдруг взмывает в самые высокие эмпиреи неба. Этими полётами человеческого духа Достоевский не только приковывает наше внимание, захватывает нас, открывает нам новые неизведанные красоты, но даёт очень много и нашему познанию, показывая нам неподозреваемые нами глубины души.
Dinamika vody (the dynamics of water) brings to mind a certain stupendous Dynamo goalkeeper whose mannerisms Niagarin (one of the two experts whom the new Zemblan government hired to find the crown jewels) can imitate to perfection:
All this is the rule of a supernal game, all this is the immutable fable of fate, and should not be construed as reflecting on the efficiency of the two Soviet experts - who, anyway, were to be marvelously successful on a later occasion with another job (see note to line 747). Their names (probably fictitious) were Andronnikov and Niagarin. One has seldom seen, at least among waxworks, a pair of more pleasant, presentable chaps. Everybody admired their clean-shaven jaws, elementary facial expressions, wavy hair, and perfect teeth. Tall handsome Andronnikov seldom smiled but the crinkly little rays of his orbital flesh bespoke infinite humor while the twin furrows descending from the sides of his shapely nostrils evoked glamorous associations with flying aces and sagebrush heroes. Niagarin, on the other hand, was of comparatively short stature, had somewhat more rounded, albeit quite manly features, and every now and then would flash a big boyish smile remindful of scoutmasters with something to hide, or those gentlemen who cheat in television quizzes. It was delightful to watch the two splendid Sovietchiks running about in the yard and kicking a chalk-dusty, thumping-tight soccer ball (looking so large and bald in such surroundings). Andronnikov could tap-play it on his toe up and down a dozen times before punting it pocket straight into the melancholy, surprised, bleached, harmless heavens; and Niagarin could imitate to perfection the mannerisms of a certain stupendous Dynamo goalkeeper. They used to hand out to the kitchen boys Russian caramels with plums or cherries depicted on the rich luscious six-cornered wrappers that enclosed a jacket of thinner paper with the mauve mummy inside; and lustful country girls were known to creep up along the drungen (bramble-choked footpaths) to the very foot of the bulwark when the two silhouetted against the now flushed sky sang beautiful sentimental military duets at eventide on the rampart. Niagarin had a soulful tenor voice, and Andronnikov a hearty baritone, and both wore elegant jackboots of a soft black leather, and the sky turned away showing its ethereal vertebrae. (note to line 681)
Fontan (a fountain) mentioned by Lunacharski in his speech on Dostoevski brings to mind a tall white fountain that Shade saw during his heart attack. In Chapter Three of his poem Shade describes his heart attack and his visit to a Mrs. Z. (who saw a tall white mountain during her heart attack). In Jim Coats' article about Mrs. Z.'s heart attack "mountain" was misprinted "fountain:"
I also called on Coates.
He was afraid he had mislaid her notes.
He took his article from a steel file:
"It's accurate. I have not changed her style.
There's one misprint - not that it matters much:
Mountain, not fountain. The majestic touch." (ll. 797-782)
A newspaper reporter whom Shade called on, Jim Coats is a namesake of Jim Wormold, the protagonist of Graham Greene's novel Our Man in Havana. The capital of Cuba, Havana brings to mind Onhava, the beautiful capital of Zembla. Kinbote's Zembla is a distant northern land. Greene wrote the first version of the story of Our Man in Havana in 1946, as an outline for a film script, with the story set in Estonia (a Baltic country, with Russia being its gigantic neighbor, once part of the Russian Empire and, in 1940-1991, of the Soviet Union) in 1938. At the end of his commentary Kinbote says that he may join forces with Odon (a world-famous Zemblan actor who helps the king to escape from Zembla) in a new motion picture, Escape from Zembla:
"And you, what will you be doing with yourself, poor King, poor Kinbote?" a gentle young voice may inquire.
God will help me, I trust, to rid myself of any desire to follow the example of two other characters in this work. I shall continue to exist. I may assume other disguises, other forms, but I shall try to exist. I may turn up yet, on another campus, as an old, happy, healthy, heterosexual Russian, a writer in exile, sans fame, sans future, sans audience, sans anything but his art. I may join forces with Odon in a new motion picture: Escape from Zembla (ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square). I may pander to the simple tastes of theatrical critics and cook up a stage play, an old-fashioned Melodrama with three principals: a lunatic who intends to kill an imaginary king, another lunatic who imagines himself to be that king, and a distinguished old poet who stumbles by chance into the line of fire, and perishes in the clash between the two figments. Oh, I may do many things! History permitting, I may sail back to my recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain. I may huddle and groan in a madhouse. But whatever happens, wherever the scene is laid, somebody, somewhere, will quietly set out - somebody has already set out, somebody still rather far away is buying a ticket, is boarding a bus, a ship, a plane, has landed, is walking toward a million photographers, and presently he will ring at my door - a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus. (note to Line 1000)
In his poem Dvoynaya bezdna (“The Double Abyss,” 1901), whose title was borrowed from Tyutchev’s poem Lebed’ (“The Swan,” 1839), Dmitri Merezhkovski (a Russian poet and writer, 1865-1941) says that life and death are the two abysses reflected in each other as in a mirror:
Не плачь о неземной отчизне,
И помни,- более того,
Что есть в твоей мгновенной жизни,
Не будет в смерти ничего.
И жизнь, как смерть необычайна...
Есть в мире здешнем - мир иной.
Есть ужас тот же, та же тайна -
И в свете дня, как в тьме ночной.
И смерть и жизнь - родные бездны;
Они подобны и равны,
Друг другу чужды и любезны,
Одна в другой отражены.
Одна другую углубляет,
Как зеркало, а человек
Их съединяет, разделяет
Своею волею навек.
И зло, и благо, - тайна гроба.
И тайна жизни - два пути -
Ведут к единой цели оба.
И все равно, куда идти.
Будь мудр, - иного нет исхода.
Кто цепь последнюю расторг,
Тот знает, что в цепях свобода
И что в мучении - восторг.
Ты сам - свой Бог, ты сам свой ближний.
О, будь же собственным Творцом,
Будь бездной верхней, бездной нижней,
Своим началом и концом.