Describing the Shadows (a regicidal organization), Kinbote (in VN's novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mockingly calls Gradus (Shade's murderer who contended that the real origin of his name should be sought in the Russian word for grape, vinograd, to which a Latin suffix had adhered) "Vinogradus" and "Leningradus:"
The Zemblan Revolution provided Gradus with satisfactions but also produced frustrations. One highly irritating episode seems retrospectively most significant as belonging to an order of things that Gradus should have learned to expect but never did. An especially brilliant impersonator of the King, the tennis ace Julius Steinmann (son of the well-known philanthropist), had eluded for several months the police who had been driven to the limits of exasperation by his mimicking to perfection the voice of Charles the Beloved in a series of underground radio speeches deriding the government. When finally captured he was tried by a special commission, of which Gradus was member, and condemned to death. The firing squad bungled their job, and a little later the gallant young man was found recuperating from his wounds at a provincial hospital. When Gradus learned of this, he flew into one of his rare rages--not because the fact presupposed royalist machinations, but because the clean, honest, orderly course of death had been interfered with in an unclean, dishonest, disorderly manner. Without consulting anybody he rushed to the hospital, stormed in, located Julius in a crowded ward and managed to fire twice, both times missing, before the gun was wrested from him by a hefty male nurse. He rushed back to headquarters and returned with a dozen soldiers but his patient had disappeared.
Such things rankle - but what can Gradus do? The huddled fates engage in a great conspiracy against Gradus. One notes with pardonable glee that his likes are never granted the ultimate thrill of dispatching their victim themselves. Oh, surely, Gradus is active, capable, helpful, often indispensable. At the foot of the scaffold, on a raw and gray morning, it is Gradus who sweeps the night's powder snow off the narrow steps; but his long leathery face will not be the last one that the man who must mount those steps is to see in this world. It is Gradus who buys the cheap fiber valise that a luckier guy will plant, with a time bomb inside, under the bed of a former henchman. Nobody knows better than Gradus how to set a trap by means of a fake advertisement, but the rich old widow whom it hooks is courted and slain by another. When the fallen tyrant is tied, naked and howling, to a plank in the public square and killed piecemeal by the people who cut slices out, and eat them, and distribute his living body among themselves (as I read when young in a story about an Italian despot, which made of me a vegetarian for life), Gradus does not take part in the infernal sacrament: he points out the right instrument and directs the carving.
All this is as it should be; the world needs Gradus. But Gradus should not kill kings. Vinogradus should never, never provoke God. Leningradus should not aim his peashooter at people even in dreams, because if he does, a pair of colossally thick, abnormally hairy arms will hug him from behind and squeeze, squeeze, squeeze. (note to Line 171)
Leningrad was St. Petersburg's name in 1924-1991. Gradus being Russian for "degree," Leningradus also makes one think of Minusinsk, a historical town in Siberia, at the confluence of the Minusa River and the Yenisey. The Turkic Min Usa means "my brook", or "thousand rivers". On April 30 (May 12), 1897, Vladimir Ul'yanov (Lenin's real name) and his future wife Nadezhda Krupskaya left Krasnoyarsk (the largest city on the Yenisey) on the steamer Svyatitel' Nikolay ("Holy Nicholas") via Minusinsk for the village of Shushenskoye, the place to which Lenin has been exiled. Vladimir Ul'yanov and Nadezhda Krupskaya were married on July 22, 1898, in Shushenskoe. The poet in Pale Fire, John Shade (who was born on July 5, 1898) is killed by Gradus on the evening of July 21, 1959. A few moments before his death, at the end of his poem, Shade says that he is reasonably sure that he will wake at six tomorrow, on July 22, 1959:
I'm reasonably sure that we survive
And that my darling somewhere is alive,
As I am reasonably sure that I
Shall wake at six tomorrow, on July
The twenty-second, nineteen fifty-nine,
And that the day will probably be fine;
So this alarm clock let me set myself,
Yawn, and put back Shade's "Poems" on their shelf. (ll. 977-984)
Shade's poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade’s poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). At the end of his poem Po spravedlivosti ("In All Fairness," 1918), Igor Severyanin (a Russian poet, born Igor Lotaryov, 1887-1941) calls Lenin (who in March 1918 signed a separate peace with Germany) moy dvoynik (my double):
Его бесспорная заслуга
Есть окончание войны.
Его приветствовать, как друга
Людей, вы искренне должны.
Я – вне политики, и, право,
Мне все равно, кто б ни был он.
Да будет честь ему и слава,
Что мир им, первым, заключен.
Когда людская жизнь в загоне,
И вдруг – ее апологет,
Не все ль равно мне – как: в вагоне
Запломбированном иль нет?..
Не только из вагона – прямо
Пускай из бездны бы возник!
Твержу настойчиво-упрямо:
Он, в смысле мира, мой двойник.
Shade's murderer, Gradus is Kinbote's double. Shade's birthday, July 5 is also Kinbote's and Gradus' birthday (while Shade was born in 1898, Kinbote and Gradus were born in 1915). The three main characters in Pale Fire, the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus, seem to represent three different aspects of mad Botkin's personality. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became the poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s “real” name). Nadezhda means in Russian “hope.” There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on October 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin's Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin's epigrams, "half-milord, half-merchant, etc."), will be full again.
Minusinsk brings to mind minus na minus dalo plyus (minus × minus = plus), a rule mentioned by Hermann Karlovich in VN’s novel Otchayanie (Despair, 1934):
Во-первых: эпиграф, но не к этой главе, а так, вообще: литература – это любовь к людям. Теперь продолжим.
В помещении почтамта было темновато. У окошек стояло по два, по три человека, все больше женщины. В каждом окошке, как тусклый портрет, виднелось лицо чиновника. Вон там – номер девятый. Я не сразу решился… Подойдя сначала к столу посреди помещения – столу, разделенному перегородками на конторки, я притворился перед самим собой, что мне нужно кое-что написать, нашел в кармане старый счет и на обороте принялся выводить первые попавшиеся слова. Казенное перо неприятно трещало, я совал его в дырку чернильницы, в черный плевок; по бледному бювару, на который я облокотился, шли, так и сяк скрещиваясь, отпечатки неведомых строк, – иррациональный почерк, минус-почерк, – что всегда напоминает мне зеркало, – минус на минус даёт плюс. Мне пришло в голову, что и Феликс – некий минус я, – изумительной важности мысль, которую я напрасно, напрасно до конца не продумал.
To begin with, let us take the following motto (not especially for this chapter, but generally): Literature is Love. Now we can continue.
It was darkish in the post office; two or three people stood at every counter, mostly women; and at every counter, framed in its little window, like some tarnished picture, showed the face of an official. I looked for number nine…. I wavered before going up to it. …There was, in the middle of the place, a series of writing desks, so I lingered there, pretending, in front of my own self, that I had something to write: on the back of an old bill which I found in my pocket, I began to scrawl the very first words that came. The pen supplied by the State screeched and rattled, I kept thrusting it into the inkwell, into the black spit therein; the pale blotting paper upon which I leaned my elbow was all crisscrossed with the imprints of unreadable lines. Those irrational characters, preceded as it were by a minus, remind me always of mirrors: minus × minus = plus. It struck me that perhaps Felix too was a minus I, and that was a line of thought of quite astounding importance, which I did wrong, oh, very wrong, not to have thoroughly investigated. (Chapter Seven)
In Despair, Hermann murders Felix, a tramp whom Hermann believes to be his perfect double. The narrator and main character in Despair, Hermann loathes mirrors. In his commentary and index to Shade's poem, Kinbote mentions Sudarg of Bokay (Jakob Gradus in reverse), the mirror maker of genius. Chekhov’s story Krivoe zerkalo (“The Crooked Mirror,” 1883) ends as follows:
Однажды, стоя позади жены, я нечаянно поглядел в зеркало и – открыл страшную тайну. В зеркале я увидел женщину ослепительной красоты, какой я не встречал никогда в жизни. Это было чудо природы, гармония красоты, изящества и любви. Но в чём же дело? Что случилось? Отчего моя некрасивая, неуклюжая жена в зеркале казалась такою прекрасной? Отчего?
А оттого, что кривое зеркало покривило некрасивое лицо моей жены во все стороны, и от такого перемещения его черт оно стало случайно прекрасным. Минус на минус дало плюс.
И теперь мы оба, я и жена, сидим перед зеркалом и, не отрываясь ни на одну минуту, смотрим в него: нос мой лезет на левую щеку, подбородок раздвоился и сдвинулся в сторону, но лицо жены очаровательно – и бешеная, безумная страсть овладевает мною.
– Ха-ха-ха! – дико хохочу я.
А жена шепчет едва слышно:
– Как я прекрасна!
In the crooked mirror the hero’s ugly wife becomes a divine beauty (which makes her husband roar with wild laughter). Minus na minus dalo plyus (minus × minus = plus), as he puts it. According to Kinbote, Shade listed Chekhov among Russian humorists:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
Gogol, Dostoevski and Chekhov are sonnets by Igor Severyanin (whose 1934 collections Medallions contains a hundred sonnets dedicated to legendary writers, poets and composers). Each sonnet serves as a "locket" or miniature poetic portrait frame enclosing a specific creative figure.