At the beginning of VN's novel Ada (1969) Van Veen (the narrator and main character) speaks of his ancestors and mentions Macedonian and Bavarian settlers who enjoy a halcyon climate under the American Stars and Stripes:
‘All happy families are more or less dissimilar; all unhappy ones are more or less alike,’ says a great Russian writer in the beginning of a famous novel (Anna Arkadievitch Karenina, transfigured into English by R.G. Stonelower, Mount Tabor Ltd., 1880). That pronouncement has little if any relation to the story to be unfolded now, a family chronicle, the first part of which is, perhaps, closer to another Tolstoy work, Detstvo i Otrochestvo (Childhood and Fatherland, Pontius Press, 1858).
Van’s maternal grandmother Daria (‘Dolly’) Durmanov was the daughter of Prince Peter Zemski, Governor of Bras d’Or, an American province in the Northeast of our great and variegated country, who had married, in 1824, Mary O’Reilly, an Irish woman of fashion. Dolly, an only child, born in Bras, married in 1840, at the tender and wayward age of fifteen, General Ivan Durmanov, Commander of Yukon Fortress and peaceful country gentleman, with lands in the Severn Tories (Severnïya Territorii), that tesselated protectorate still lovingly called ‘Russian’ Estoty, which commingles, granoblastically and organically, with ‘Russian’ Canady, otherwise ‘French’ Estoty, where not only French, but Macedonian and Bavarian settlers enjoy a halcyon climate under our Stars and Stripes. (1.1)
Darkbloom (‘Notes to Ada’): All happy families etc: mistranslations of Russian classics are ridiculed here. The opening sentence of Tolstoy’s novel is turned inside out and Anna Arkadievna’s patronymic given an absurd masculine ending, while an incorrect feminine one is added to her surname. ‘Mount Tabor’ and ‘Pontius’ allude to the transfigurations (Mr G. Steiner’s term, I believe) and betrayals to which great texts are subjected by pretentious and ignorant versionists.
Severnïya Territorii: Northern Territories. Here and elsewhere transliteration is based on the old Russian orthography.
granoblastically: in a tesselar (mosaic) jumble.
The action in Ada takes place on Demonia, Earth's twin planet also known as Antiterra. The Macedonian and Bavarian settlers mentioned by Van make one think of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon, a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, 356-323 BC) and Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I, the Holy Roman Emperor, 1122-1190). In Gogol's play Revizor ("The Inspector," 1836) the Town Mayor mentions Alexander of Macedon:
Городничий. То же я должен вам заметить и об учителе по исторической части. Он учёная голова — это видно, и сведений нахватал тьму, но только объясняет с таким жаром, что не помнит себя. Я раз слушал его: ну, покамест говорил об ассириянах и вавилонянах — ещё ничего, а как добрался до Александра Македонского, то я не могу вам сказать, что с ним сделалось. Я думал, что пожар, ей-Богу! Сбежал с кафедры и что силы есть хвать стулом об пол. Оно, конечно, Александр Македонский герой, но зачем же стулья ломать? от этого убыток казне.
TOWN MAYOR. And then I must call your attention to the history teacher. He has a lot of learning in his head and a store of facts. That's evident. But he lectures with such ardor that he quite forgets himself. Once I listened to him. As long as he was talking about the Assyrians and Babylonians, it was not so bad. But when he reached Alexander of Macedon, I can't describe what came over him. Upon my word, I thought a fire had broken out. He jumped down from the platform, picked up a chair and dashed it to the floor. Alexander of Macedon was a hero, it is true. But that's no reason for breaking chairs. The state must bear the cost. (Act I)
In Chekhov's story Skuka zhizni ("The Boredom of Life," 1886) the General quotes the words of Gogol's Town Mayor:
Генерал помолчал и продолжал:
— Если тебе не нравится мое обращение с ними, то изволь, я прекращу разговоры, хотя, впрочем… если рассуждать по совести, искренность по отношению к ним гораздо лучше молчания и поклонения. Александр Македонский великий человек, но стульев ломать не следует, так и русский народ — великий народ, но из этого не следует, что ему нельзя в лицо правду говорить. Нельзя из народа болонку делать. Эти ces moujiks такие же люди, как и мы с тобой, с такими же недостатками, а потому не молиться на них, не няньчиться, а учить их нужно, исправлять… внушать…
The general paused for a moment and then went on :
“If you don’t like my treatment of them, then all right, I’ll stop talking to them, though... in all conscience, sincerity towards them’s much better than silence and worship. Alexander the Great was a great man, but that doesn’t mean that chairs should be broken, so the Russian people are a great nation, but it doesn’t follow that they shouldn’t be told the truth to their faces. You can’t turn the people into a bogeyman. These moujiks are people like you and me, with the same flaws, and therefore you shouldn’t worship them and coddle them, but teach them, correct them... inspire them…”
In Chekhov's story V usad'be ("At a Country House," 1894) Rashevich mentions Frederick Barbarossa:
Для меня не подлежит сомнению, — продолжал Рашевич, всё больше вдохновляясь, — что если какой-нибудь Ричард Львиное Сердце или Фридрих Барбаросса, положим, храбр и великодушен, то эти качества передаются по наследству его сыну вместе с извилинами и мозговыми шишками, и если эти храбрость и великодушие охраняются в сыне путем воспитания и упражнения, и если он женится на принцессе, тоже великодушной и храброй, то эти качества передаются внуку и так далее, пока не становятся видовою особенностью и не переходят органически, так сказать, в плоть и кровь. Благодаря строгому половому подбору, тому, что благородные фамилии инстинктивно охраняли себя от неравных браков и знатные молодые люди не женились чёрт знает на ком, высокие душевные качества передавались из поколения в поколение во всей их чистоте, охранялись и с течением времени через упражнение становились всё совершеннее и выше. Тем, что у человечества есть хорошего, мы обязаны именно природе, правильному естественно-историческому, целесообразному ходу вещей, старательно, в продолжение веков обособлявшему белую кость от черной. Да, батенька мой! Тем, что у человечества есть хорошего, мы обязаны именно природе, правильному естественно-историческому, целесообразному ходу вещей, старательно, в продолжение веков обособлявшему белую кость от чёрной. Да, батенька мой! Не чумазый же, не кухаркин сын, дал нам литературу, науку, искусства, право, понятия о чести, долге... Всем этим человечество обязано исключительно белой кости, и в этом смысле, с точки зрения естественно-исторической, плохой Собакевич, только потому, что он белая кость, полезнее и выше, чем самый лучший купец, хотя бы этот последний построил пятнадцать музеев.
Рашевич остановился, расчесывая бороду обеими руками; остановилась на стене и его тень, похожая на ножницы.
— Возьмите вы нашу матушку-Расею, — продолжал он, заложив руки в карманы и становясь то на каблуки, то на носки. — Кто ее лучшие люди? Возьмите наших первоклассных художников, литераторов, композиторов... Кто они? Всё это, дорогой мой, были представители белой кости. Пушкин, Гоголь, Лермонтов, Тургенев, Гончаров, Толстой — не дьячковские дети-с!
— Гончаров был купец, — сказал Мейер.
— Что же! Исключения только подтверждают правило. Да и насчёт гениальности-то Гончарова можно ещё сильно поспорить.
"To my mind there can be no doubt," Rashevich went on, growing more and more enthusiastic, "that if a Richard Coeur-de-Lion, or Frederick Barbarossa, for instance, is brave and noble those qualities will pass by heredity to his son, together with the convolutions and bumps of the brain, and if that courage and nobility of soul are preserved in the son by means of education and exercise, and if he marries a princess who is also noble and brave, those qualities will be transmitted to his grandson, and so on, until they become a generic characteristic and pass organically into the flesh and blood. Thanks to a strict sexual selection, to the fact that high-born families have instinctively guarded themselves against marriage with their inferiors, and young men of high rank have not married just anybody, lofty, spiritual qualities have been transmitted from generation to generation in their full purity, have been preserved, and as time goes on have, through exercise, become more exalted and lofty. For the fact that there is good in humanity we are indebted to nature, to the normal, natural, consistent order of things, which has throughout the ages scrupulously segregated blue blood from plebeian. Yes, my dear boy, no low lout, no cook's son has given us literature, science, art, law, conceptions of honour and duty . . . . For all these things mankind is indebted exclusively to the aristocracy, and from that point of view, the point of view of natural history, an inferior Sobakevich by the very fact of his blue blood is superior and more useful than the very best merchant, even though the latter may have built fifteen museums. Say what you like! And when I refuse to shake hands with a low lout or a cook's son, or to let him sit down to table with me, by that very act I am safeguarding what is the best thing on earth, and am carrying out one of Mother Nature's finest designs for leading us up to perfection. . ."
Rashevich stood still, combing his beard with both hands; his shadow, too, stood still on the wall, looking like a pair of scissors.
"Take Mother-Russia now," he went on, thrusting his hands in his pockets and standing first on his heels and then on his toes. "Who are her best people? Take our first-rate painters, writers, composers . . . . Who are they? They were all of aristocratic origin. Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy, they were not sexton's children."
"Goncharov was a merchant," said Meyer.
"Well, the exception only proves the rule. Besides, Goncharov's genius is quite open to dispute..."
Rashevich pairs Frederick Barbarossa with Richard Coeur-de-Lion (Richard I of Englsnd, 1157-1199, Richard the Lionheart). Describing the family dinner in "Ardis the Second," Van mentions the British writer Richard Leonard Churchill and his novel about a certain Crimean Khan, A Great Good Man:
Alas, the bird had not survived ‘the honor one had made to it,’ and after a brief consultation with Bouteillan a somewhat incongruous but highly palatable bit of saucisson d’Arles added itself to the young lady’s fare of asperges en branches that everybody was now enjoying. It almost awed one to see the pleasure with which she and Demon distorted their shiny-lipped mouths in exactly the same way to introduce orally from some heavenly height the voluptuous ally of the prim lily of the valley, holding the shaft with an identical bunching of the fingers, not unlike the reformed ‘sign of the cross’ for protesting against which (a ridiculous little schism measuring an inch or so from thumb to index) so many Russians had been burnt by other Russians only two centuries earlier on the banks of the Great Lake of Slaves. Van remembered that his tutor’s great friend, the learned but prudish Semyon Afanasievich Vengerov, then a young associate professor but already a celebrated Pushkinist (1855-1954), used to say that the only vulgar passage in his author’s work was the cannibal joy of young gourmets tearing ‘plump and live’ oysters out of their ‘cloisters’ in an unfinished canto of Eugene Onegin. But then ‘everyone has his own taste,’ as the British writer Richard Leonard Churchill mistranslates a trite French phrase (chacun à son gout) twice in the course of his novel about a certain Crimean Khan once popular with reporters and politicians, ‘A Great Good Man’ — according, of course, to the cattish and prejudiced Guillaume Monparnasse about whose new celebrity Ada, while dipping the reversed corolla of one hand in a bowl, was now telling Demon, who was performing the same rite in the same graceful fashion. (1.38)
Darkbloom ('Notes to Ada'): Great good man: a phrase that Winston Churchill, the British politician, enthusiastically applied to Stalin.
At the end of his poem O pravitelyakh (“On Rulers,” 1944) VN says that, if his late namesake (V. V. Mayakovski) were still alive, he would be now finding taut rhymes such as monumentalen and pereperchil:
Покойный мой тёзка,
писавший стихи и в полоску,
и в клетку, на самом восходе
всесоюзно-мещанского класса,
кабы дожил до полдня,
нынче бы рифмы натягивал
на "монументален",
на "переперчил"
и так далее.
If my late namesake,
who used to write verse, in rank
and in file, at the very dawn
of the Soviet Small-Bourgeois order,
had lived till its noon
he would be now finding taut rhymes
such as “praline”
or “air chill,”
and others of the same kind.
VN’s footnote: Lines 58–59/“praline” … “air chill.” In the original, monumentalen, meaning “[he is] monumental” rhymes pretty closely with Stalin; and pereperchil, meaning “[he] put in too much pepper,” offers an ingenuous correspondence with the name of the British politician in a slovenly Russian pronunciation (“chair-chill”).
Pereperchil brings to mind Chekhov’s humorous story Peresolil (“Overdoing it,” 1885; literally peresolil means “[he] put in too much salt”). Sir Winston Churchill definitely peresolil when he called Stalin "a great good man."
Van and Ada are the children of Demon Veen and Marina Durmanov. One of the seconds in Demon’s sword duel with Baron d’Onsky (Skonky) is Colonel St Alin, a scoundrel:
Upon being questioned in Demon’s dungeon, Marina, laughing trillingly, wove a picturesque tissue of lies; then broke down, and confessed. She swore that all was over; that the Baron, a physical wreck and a spiritual Samurai, had gone to Japan forever. From a more reliable source Demon learned that the Samurai’s real destination was smart little Vatican, a Roman spa, whence he was to return to Aardvark, Massa, in a week or so. Since prudent Veen preferred killing his man in Europe (decrepit but indestructible Gamaliel was said to be doing his best to forbid duels in the Western Hemisphere — a canard or an idealistic President’s instant-coffee caprice, for nothing was to come of it after all), Demon rented the fastest petroloplane available, overtook the Baron (looking very fit) in Nice, saw him enter Gunter’s Bookshop, went in after him, and in the presence of the imperturbable and rather bored English shopkeeper, back-slapped the astonished Baron across the face with a lavender glove. The challenge was accepted; two native seconds were chosen; the Baron plumped for swords; and after a certain amount of good blood (Polish and Irish — a kind of American ‘Gory Mary’ in barroom parlance) had bespattered two hairy torsoes, the whitewashed terrace, the flight of steps leading backward to the walled garden in an amusing Douglas d’Artagnan arrangement, the apron of a quite accidental milkmaid, and the shirtsleeves of both seconds, charming Monsieur de Pastrouil and Colonel St Alin, a scoundrel, the latter gentlemen separated the panting combatants, and Skonky died, not ‘of his wounds’ (as it was viciously rumored) but of a gangrenous afterthought on the part of the least of them, possibly self-inflicted, a sting in the groin, which caused circulatory trouble, notwithstanding quite a few surgical interventions during two or three years of protracted stays at the Aardvark Hospital in Boston — a city where, incidentally, he married in 1869 our friend the Bohemian lady, now keeper of Glass Biota at the local museum. (1.2)
Darkbloom ('Notes to Ada'): Aardvark: apparently, a university town in New England.
Gamaliel: a much more fortunate statesman than our W.G. Harding.
Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. Describing his novel Letters from Terra, Van mentions Athulf the Future (a cross between Adolf Hitler, der Führer und Kanzler des Deutschen Reiches, and Athaulf, the king of the Visigoths from 411 to 415), a fair-haired giant in a natty uniform, the secret flame of many a British nobleman, honorary captain of the French police, and benevolent ally of Rus and Rome:
On Terra, Theresa had been a Roving Reporter for an American magazine, thus giving Van the opportunity to describe the sibling planet’s political aspect. This aspect gave him the least trouble, presenting as it did a mosaic of painstakingly collated notes from his own reports on the ‘transcendental delirium’ of his patients. Its acoustics were poor, proper names often came out garbled, a chaotic calendar messed up the order of events but, on the whole, the colored dots did form a geomantic picture of sorts. As earlier experimentators had conjectured, our annals lagged by about half a century behind Terra’s along the bridges of time, but overtook some of its underwater currents. At the moment of our sorry story, the king of Terra’s England, yet another George (there had been, apparently, at least half-a-dozen bearing that name before him) ruled, or had just ceased to rule, over an empire that was somewhat patchier (with alien blanks and blots between the British Islands and South Africa) than the solidly conglomerated one on our Antiterra. Western Europe presented a particularly glaring gap: ever since the eighteenth century, when a virtually bloodless revolution had dethroned the Capetians and repelled all invaders, Terra’s France flourished under a couple of emperors and a series of bourgeois presidents, of whom the present one, Doumercy, seemed considerably more lovable than Milord Goal, Governor of Lute! Eastward, instead of Khan Sosso and his ruthless Sovietnamur Khanate, a super Russia, dominating the Volga region and similar watersheds, was governed by a Sovereign Society of Solicitous Republics (or so it came through) which had superseded the Tsars, conquerors of Tartary and Trst. Last but not least, Athaulf the Future, a fair-haired giant in a natty uniform, the secret flame of many a British nobleman, honorary captain of the French police, and benevolent ally of Rus and Rome, was said to be in the act of transforming a gingerbread Germany into a great country of speedways, immaculate soldiers, brass bands and modernized barracks for misfits and their young. (2.2)