Describing his rented house, Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions a large picture of Judge Goldsworth (Kinbote's landlord who resembles a Medusa-locked hag) and his wife (who resembles Malenkov):
Lines 47-48: the frame house between Goldsworth and Wordsmith
The first name refers to the house in Dulwich Road that I rented from Hugh Warren Goldsworth, authority on Roman Law and distinguished judge. I never had the pleasure of meeting my landlord but I came to know his handwriting almost as well as I do Shade's. The second name denotes, of course, Wordsmith University. In seeming to suggest a midway situation between the two places, our poet is less concerned with spatial exactitude than with a witty exchange of syllables invoking the two masters of the heroic couplet, between whom he embowers his own muse. Actually, the "frame house on its square of green" was five miles west of the Wordsmith campus but only fifty yards or so distant from my east windows.
In the Foreword to this work I have had occasion to say something about the amenities of my habitation. The charming, charmingly vague lady (see note to line 691), who secured it for me, sight unseen, meant well, no doubt, especially since it was widely admired in the neighborhood for its "old-world spaciousness and graciousness." Actually, it was an old, dismal, white-and-black, half-timbered house, of the type termed wodnaggen in my country, with carved gables, drafty bow windows and a so-called "semi-noble" porch, surmounted by a hideous veranda. Judge Goldsworth had a wife, and four daughters. Family photographs met me in the hallway and pursued me from room to room, and although I am sure that Alphina (9), Betty (10), Candida (12), and Dee (14) will soon change from horribly cute little schoolgirls to smart young ladies and superior mothers, I must confess that their pert pictures irritated me to such an extent that finally I gathered them one by one and dumped them all in a closet under the gallows row of their cellophane-shrouded winter clothes. In the study I found a large picture of their parents, with sexes reversed, Mrs. G. resembling Malenkov, and Mr. G. a Medusa-locked hag, and this I replaced by the reproduction of a beloved early Picasso: earth boy leading raincloud horse. I did not bother, though, to do much about the family books which were also all over the house - four sets of different Children's Encyclopedias, and a stolid grown-up one that ascended all the way from shelf to shelf along a flight of stairs to burst an appendix in the attic. Judging by the novels in Mrs. Goldsworth's boudoir, her intellectual interests were fully developed, going as they did from Amber to Zen. The head of this alphabetic family had a library too, but this consisted mainly of legal works and a lot of conspicuously lettered ledgers. All the layman could glean for instruction and entertainment was a morocco-bound album in which the judge had lovingly pasted the life histories and pictures of people he had sent to prison or condemned to death: unforgettable faces of imbecile hoodlums, last smokes and last grins, a strangler's quite ordinary-looking hands, a self-made widow, the close-set merciless eyes of a homicidal maniac (somewhat resembling, I admit, the late Jacques d'Argus), a bright little parricide aged seven ("Now, sonny, we want you to tell us -"), and a sad pudgy old pederast who had blown up his blackmailer. What rather surprised me was that he, my learned landlord, and not his "missus," directed the household. Not only had he left me a detailed inventory of all such articles as cluster around a new tenant like a mob of menacing natives, but he had taken stupendous pains to write out on slips of paper recommendations, explanations, injunctions and supplementary lists. Whatever I touched on the first day of my stay yielded a specimen of Goldsworthiana. I unlocked the medicine chest in the second bathroom, and out fluttered a message advising me that the slit for discarded safety blades was too full to use. I opened the icebox, and it warned me with a bark that "no national specialties with odors hard to get rid of" should be placed therein. I pulled out the middle drawer of the desk in the study - and discovered a catalogue raisonné of its meager contents which included an assortment of ashtrays, a damask paperknife (described as "one ancient dagger brought by Mrs. Goldsworth's father from the Orient"), and an old but unused pocket diary optimistically maturing there until its calendric correspondencies came around again. Among various detailed notices affixed to a special board in the pantry, such as plumbing instructions, dissertations on electricity, discourses on cactuses and so forth, I found the diet of the black cat that came with the house:
Mon, Wed, Fri: Liver
Tue, Thu, Sat: Fish
Sun: Ground meat
(All it got from me was milk and sardines; it was a likable little creature but after a while its movements began to grate on my nerves and I farmed it out to Mrs. Finley, the cleaning woman.) But perhaps the funniest note concerned the manipulations of the window curtains which had to be drawn in different ways at different hours to prevent the sun from getting at the upholstery. A description of the position of the sun, daily and seasonal, was given for the several windows, and if I had heeded all this I would have been kept as busy as a participant in a regatta. A footnote, however, generously suggested that instead of manning the curtains, I might prefer to shift and reshift out of sun range the more precious pieces of furniture (two embroidered armchairs and a heavy "royal console") but should do it carefully lest I scratch the wall moldings. I cannot, alas, reproduce the meticulous schedule of these transposals but seem to recall that I was supposed to castle the long way before going to bed and the short way first thing in the morning. My dear Shade roared with laughter when I led him on a tour of inspection and had him find some of those bunny eggs for himself. Thank God, his robust hilarity dissipated the atmosphere of damnum infectum in which I was supposed to dwell. On his part, he regaled me with a number of anecdotes concerning the judge's dry wit and courtroom mannerisms; most of these anecdotes were doubtless folklore exaggerations, a few were evident inventions, and all were harmless. He did not bring up, my sweet old friend never did, ridiculous stories about the terrifying shadows that Judge Goldsworth's gown threw across the underworld, or about this or that beast lying in prison and positively dying of raghdirst (thirst for revenge) - crass banalities circulated by the scurrilous and the heartless - by all those for whom romance, remoteness, sealskin-lined scarlet skies, the darkening dunes of a fabulous kingdom, simply do not exist. But enough of this. Let us turn to our poet's windows. I have no desire to twist and batter an unambiguous apparatus criticus into the monstrous semblance of a novel. (note to Lines 47-48)
Georgiy Malenkov (1901-88) was a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Joseph Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union after his death in March 1953. In his article Will Malenkov Succeed? that appeared in the July, 1954, issue of The American Mercury (Vol. 79) J. Anthony Marcus (an anti-Communist who was born in Russia and had many connections among Russian émigrés in the USA) calls Malenkov "Genghis Khan with atomic-hydrogen bombs:"
В том же году в июльском номере консервативного журнала “The American Mercury” была опубликована статья Дж. Антони Маркуса «Удастся ли Маленкову?» Автор писал: «Я вспоминаю те годы, когда обрабатывающая промышленность была крайне бедна. В России не было ни одного трактора, танка, подводной лодки, бомбардировщика или истребителя собственного производства, не говоря уж о современных средствах производства и распределения продовольствия и одежды и других необходимых вещах.
Это не та Россия, которую унаследовал Маленков. Сегодня он Чингисхан с атомно-водородными бомбами, полный решимости использовать их для установления мирового господства – курс, от которого ни он, ни его преемник никогда не смогут отклониться надолго.» (alas, I fail to find the original and quote from Konstantin Dushenko's article Genghis Khan with a Telegraph)
In his open letter (published in Kolokol, the issue of Oct. 1, 1857) to Alexander II Herzen for the first time used the phrase (later often quoted by Leo Tolstoy to whom it is sometimes attributed) Chingiskhan s telegrafami (Genghis Khan with a Telegraph):
«Если б у нас весь прогресс совершался только в правительстве, мы дали бы миру ещё небывалый пример самовластья, вооружённого всем, что выработала свобода; рабства и насилия, поддерживаемого всем, что нашла наука. Это было бы нечто вроде Чингисхана с телеграфами, пароходами, железными дорогами, с Карно и Монжем в штабе, с ружьями Минье и с конгревовыми ракетами под начальством Батыя.»
The characters in Herzen's novel Kto vinovat? ("Who is to Blame?", 1846) include Ivan Afanasievich Meduzin, the teacher of Latin who is bald and does not resemble Medusa at all:
Иван Афанасьевич Медузин, учитель латинского языка и содержатель частной школы, был прекраснейший человек и вовсе не похож на Медузу — снаружи потому, что он был плешив, внутри потому, что он был полон не злобой, а настойкой. Медузиным его назвали в семинарии, во-первых, потому, что надобно было как-нибудь назвать, а во-вторых, потому, что у будущего ученого мужа волосы торчали все врознь и отличались необыкновенной толщиной, так что их можно было принять за проволоки, но сокрушающая сила времени «и ветер их разнес». Из семинарии Иван Афанасьевич, сверх приятной мифологической фамилии, вынес то прочное образование, которое обыкновенно сопровождает семинаристов до последнего дня их жизни и кладет на них ту самобытную печать, по которой вы узнаете бывшего семинариста во всех нарядах. Аристократические манеры не были отличительным свойством Медузина: он никогда не мог решиться ученикам, говорить вы и не прибавлять в разговоре слов, мало употребляемых в высшем обществе. Ивану Афанасьевичу было лет пятьдесят. Сначала он был учителем в разных домах, наконец дошел до того, что завел свою собственную школу. Однажды приятель его, учитель, тоже из семинаристов, по прозванию Кафернаумский, отличавшийся тем, что у него с самого рождения не проходил пот и что он в тридцать градусов мороза беспрестанно утирался, а в тридцать жара у него просто открывалась капель с лица, встретив Ивана Афанасьевича в классе, сказал ему, нарочно при свидетелях:
— А ведь кажется, Иван Афанасьич, день тезоименитства вашего, если не ошибаюсь, приближается. Конечно, мы отпразднуем его и ныне по принятому уже вами обыкновению?
— Увидим, почтеннейший, увидим, — отвечал Иван Афанасьевич с усмешкою и на этот раз решился почему-то великолепнее обыкновенного отпраздновать свои именины. (Part Two, chapter VI)
Tridtsat' gradusov moroza (thirty degrees of frost), a phrase used by Herzen, brings to mind Jakob Gradus (Shade's murderer). Describing a conversation at the Faculty Club, Kinbote mentions (as one of the things in which so-called Pinks believe) Fall-outs occasioned solely by US-made bombs:
Pictures of the King had not infrequently appeared in America during the first months of the Zemblan Revolution. Every now and then some busybody on the campus with a retentive memory, or one of the clubwomen who were always after Shade and his eccentric friend, used to ask me with the inane meaningfulness adopted in such cases if anybody had told me how much I resembled that unfortunate monarch. I would counter with something on the lines of "all Chinese look alike" and change the subject. One day, however, in the lounge of the Faculty Club where I lolled surrounded by a number of my colleagues, I had to put up with a particularly embarrassing onset. A visiting German lecturer from Oxford kept exclaiming, aloud and under his breath, that the resemblance was "absolutely unheard of," and when I negligently observed that all bearded Zemblans resembled one another - and that, in fact, the name Zembla is a corruption not of the Russian zemlya, but of Semblerland, a land of reflections, of "resemblers" - my tormentor said: "Ah, yes, but King Charles wore no beard, and yet it is his very face! I had [he added] the honor of being seated within a few yards of the royal box at a Sport Festival in Onhava which I visited with my wife, who is Swedish, in 1956. We have a photograph of him at home, and her sister knew very well the mother of one of his pages, an interesting woman. Don't you see [almost tugging at Shade's lapel] the astounding similarity of features - of the upper part of the face, and the eyes, yes, the eyes, and the nose bridge?"
"Nay, sir" [said Shade, refolding a leg and slightly rolling in his armchair as wont to do when about to deliver a pronouncement] "there is no resemblance at all. I have seen the King in newsreels, and there is no resemblance. Resemblances are the shadows of differences. Different people see different similarities and similar differences."
Good Netochka, who had been looking singularly uncomfortable during this exchange, remarked in his gentle voice how sad it was to think that such a "sympathetic ruler" had probably perished in prison.
A professor of physics now joined in. He was a so-called Pink, who believed in what so-called Pinks believe in (Progressive Education, the Integrity of anyone spying for Russia, Fall-outs occasioned solely by US-made bombs, the existence in the near past of a McCarthy Era, Soviet achievements including Dr. Zhivago, and so forth): "Your regrets are groundless" [said he]. "That sorry ruler is known to have escaped disguised as a nun; but whatever happens, or has happened to him, cannot interest the Zemblan people. History has denounced him, and that is his epitaph."
Shade: "True, sir. In due time history will have denounced everybody. The King may be dead, or he may be as much alive as you and Kinbote, but let us respect facts. I have it from him [pointing to me] that the widely circulated stuff about the nun is a vulgar pro-Extremist fabrication. The Extremists and their friends invented a lot of nonsense to conceal their discomfiture; but the truth is that the King walked out of the palace, and crossed the mountains, and left the country, not in the black garb of a pale spinster but dressed as an athlete in scarlet wool."
"Strange, strange," said the German visitor, who by some quirk of alderwood ancestry had been alone to catch the eerie note that had throbbed by and was gone.
Shade [smiling and massaging my knee]: "Kings do not die--they only disappear, eh, Charles?"
"Who said that?" asked sharply, as if coming out of a trance, the ignorant, and always suspicious, Head of the English Department.
"Take my own case," continued my dear friend ignoring Mr. H. "I have been said to resemble at least four people: Samuel Johnson; the lovingly reconstructed ancestor of man in the Exton Museum; and two local characters, one being the slapdash disheveled hag who ladles out the mash in the Levin Hall cafeteria."
"The third in the witch row," I precised quaintly, and everybody laughed.
"I would rather say," remarked Mr. Pardon--American History--"that she looks like Judge Goldsworth" ("One of us," interposed Shade inclining his head), "especially when he is real mad at the whole world after a good dinner."
"I heard," hastily began Netochka, "that the Goldsworths are having a wonderful time--"
"What a pity I cannot prove my point," muttered the tenacious German visitor. "If only there was a picture here. Couldn't there be somewhere--"
"Sure," said young Emerald and left his seat.
Professor Pardon now spoke to me: "I was under the impression that you were born in Russia, and that your name was a kind of anagram of Botkin or Botkine?"
Kinbote: "You are confusing me with some refugee from Nova Zembla [sarcastically stressing the "Nova"].
"Didn't you tell me, Charles, that kinbote means regicide in your language?" asked my dear Shade.
"Yes, a king's destroyer," I said (longing to explain that a king who sinks his identity in the mirror of exile is in a sense just that).
Shade [addressing the German visitor]: "Professor Kinbote is the author of a remarkable book on surnames. I believe [to me] there exists an English translation?"
"Oxford, 1956," I replied.
"You do know Russian, though?" said Pardon. "I think I heard you, the other day, talking to--what's his name--oh, my goodness" [laboriously composing his lips].
Shade: "Sir, we all find it difficult to attack that name" [laughing].
Professor Hurley: "Think of the French word for 'tire': punoo."
Shade: "Why, sir, I am afraid you have only punctured the difficulty" [laughing uproariously].
"Flatman," quipped I. "Yes," I went on, turning to Pardon, "I certainly do speak Russian. You see, it was the fashionable language par excellence, much more so than French, among the nobles of Zembla at least, and at its court. Today, of course, all this has changed. It is now the lower classes who are forcibly taught to speak Russian."
"Aren't we, too trying to teach Russian in our schools?" said Pink.
In the meantime, at the other end of the room, young Emerald had been communing with the bookshelves. At this point he returned with the the T-Z volume of an illustrated encyclopedia.
"Well," said he, "here he is, that king. But look, he is young and handsome" ("Oh, that won't do," wailed the German visitor.) "Young, handsome, and wearing a fancy uniform," continued Emerald. "Quite the fancy pansy, in fact."
"And you," I said quietly, "are a foul-minded pup in a cheap green jacket."
"But what have I said?" the young instructor inquired of the company, spreading out his palms like a disciple in Leonardo's Last Supper.
"Now, now," said Shade. "I'm sure, Charles, our young friend never intended to insult your sovereign and namesake."
"He could not, even if he had wished," I observed placidly, turning it all into a joke.
Gerald Emerald extended his hand--which at the moment of writing still remains in that position. (note to Line 894)
The slapdash disheveled hag who ladles out the mash in the Levin Hall cafeteria and whom Shade has been said to resemble brings to mind a Medusa-locked hag whom Judge Goldsworth resembles.
According to Kinbote, he replaced the picture of his landlord and his wife by the reproduction of a beloved early Picasso: earth boy leading raincloud horse. Pablo Picasso (a Spanish painter who spent most of his adult life in France, 1881-1973) is the author of Dove (La Colombe, 1949), a lithograph on paper also known as "The Dove of Peace." In Russian, it called Golub' mira. In his essay Vostok ili zapad? ("East or West?", 1910), a review of Andrey Bely's novel Serebryanyi golub' (The Silver Dove," 1909), Dmitri Merezhkovski calls the Russian Empire Tamerlan s telegrafami (a Tamerlane with telegraphs):
За два века петербургского периода преемники Петровы сделали все, что могли, чтобы опустошить, выхолостить реформу, вынуть из нее живую душу и оставить лишь мертвое тело — восточное самовластье с европейской техникой, «Тамерлана с телеграфами». Эта вогнанная внутрь болезнь, подземное тяготение петербургского Запада к «Дальнему Востоку» на наших глазах кончились великим разгромом — Порт-Артуром и Цусимою.
At the end of his short poem “The Nature of Electricity” Shade mentions "the torments of a Tamerlane, the roar of tyrants torn in hell:"
The light never came back but it gleams again in a short poem "The Nature of Electricity", which John Shade had sent to the New York magazine The Beau and the Butterfly, some time in 1958, but which appeared only after his death:
The dead, the gentle dead - who knows?
In tungsten filaments abide,
And on my bedside table flows
Another man's departed bride.
And maybe Shakespeare floods a whole
Town with innumerable lights,
And Shelley's incandescent soul
Lures the pale moths of starless nights.
Streetlamps are numbered; and maybe
Number nine-hundred-ninety-nine
(So brightly beaming through a tree
So green) is an old friend of mine.
And when above the livid plain
Forked lightning plays, therein may dwell
The torments of a Tamerlane,
The roar of tyrants torn in hell.
Science tells us, by the way, that the Earth would not merely fall apart, but vanish like a ghost, if Electricity were suddenly removed from the world. (note to Line 347)