According to Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla), he superstitiously cannot write out the odd dark word employed by his gardener with respect to Gradus (Shade's murderer):
Line 998: Some neighbor's gardener
Some neighbor's! The poet had seen my gardener many times, and this vagueness I can only assign to his desire (noticeable elsewhere in his handling of names, etc.) to give a certain poetical patina, the bloom of remoteness, to familiar figures and things - although it is just possible he might have mistaken him in the broken light for a stranger working for a stranger. This gifted gardener I discovered by chance one idle spring day. when I was slowly wending my way home after a maddening and embarrassing experience at the college indoor swimming pool. He stood at the top of a green ladder attending to the sick branch of a grateful tree in one of the most famous avenues in Appalachia. His red flannel shirt lay on the grass. We conversed, a little shyly, he above, I below. I was pleasantly surprised at his being able to refer all his patients to their proper habitats. It was spring, and we were alone in that admirable colonnade of trees which visitors from England have photographed from end to end. I can enumerate here only a few kinds of those trees: Jove's stout oak and two others: the thunder-cloven from Britain, the knottyentrailed from a Mediterranean island; a weatherfending line (now lime), a phoenix (now date palm), a pine and a cedar (Cedrus), all insular; a Venetian sycamore tree (Acer); two willows, the green, likewise from Venice, the hoar-leaved from Denmark; a midsummer elm, its barky fingers enringed with ivy; a midsummer mulberry, its shade inviting to tarry; and a clown's sad cypress from Illyria.
He had worked for two years as a male nurse in a hospital for Negroes in Maryland. He was hard up. He wanted to study landscaping, botany and French ("to read in the original Baudelaire and Dumas"). I promised him some financial assistance. He started to work at my place the very next day. He was awfully nice and pathetic, and all that, but a little too talkative and completely impotent which I found discouraging. Otherwise he was a strong strapping fellow, and I hugely enjoyed the aesthetic pleasure of watching him buoyantly struggle with earth and turf or delicately manipulate bulbs, or lay out the flagged path which may or may not be a nice surprise for my landlord, when he safely returns from England (where I hope no bloodthirsty maniacs are stalking him!). How I longed to have him (my gardener, not my landlord) wear a great big turban, and shalwars, and an ankle bracelet. I would certainly have him attired according to the old romanticist notion of a Moorish prince, had I been a northern king – or rather had I still been a king (exile becomes a bad habit). You will chide me, my modest man, for writing so much about you in this note, but I feel I must pay you this tribute. After all, you saved my life. You and I were the last people who saw John Shade alive, and you admitted afterwards to a strange premonition which made you interrupt your work as you noticed us from the shrubbery walking toward the porch where stood – (Superstitiously I cannot write out the odd dark word you employed.)
The odd dark word employed by Balthasar, Prince of Loam (as Kinbote dubbed his black gardener) seems to be “thou” (an archaic second person pronoun used in the phrase “thou shalt not kill”). Ne ubiy ("Thou Shalt Not Kill") is an essay by Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) written on August 8, 1900, soon after the assassination (July 29, 1900) in Monza of King Umberto I. Tolstoy's article begins as follows:
Когда по суду казнят королей, как Карла I, Людовика XVI, Максимилиана Мексиканского, или в дворцовых революциях убивают их, как Петра III, Павла и разных султанов, шахов и богдыханов, то об этом обыкновенно молчат; но когда убивают их без суда и без дворцовых революций, как Генриха IV, Александра II, императрицу австрийскую, шаха персидского и теперь Гумберта, то такие убийства возбуждают среди королей и императоров и их приближенных величайшее удивленное негодование, точно как будто эти люди никогда не принимали участия в убийствах, не пользовались ими, не предписывали их. А между тем самые добрые из убитых королей, как Александр II или Гумберт, были виновниками, участниками и сообщниками, — не говоря уже о домашних казнях, — убийства десятков тысяч людей, погибших на полях сражений; недобрые же короли и императоры были виновниками сотен тысяч, миллионов убийств.
Учение Христа отменяет закон: «око за око и зуб за зуб», но те люди, которые не только всегда держались, но и теперь держатся этого закона и в ужасающих размерах, в наказаниях и на войнах, применяют его и, кроме того, не только око за око, но без всякого вызова предписывают убивать тысячи, как они это делают, объявляя войны, — не имеют права возмущаться на применение к ним этого закона в такой малой и ничтожной степени, что едва ли придется один убитый король или император на сто тысяч, а может быть, и миллион убитых и убиваемых по распоряжениям и с согласия королей и императоров. Королям и императорам не только нельзя возмущаться на такие убийства, как Александра II или Гумберта, но должно удивляться, как так редки такие убийства после того постоянного и всенародного примера убийства, который они подают людям.
When Kings are executed after trial, as in the case of Charles I, Louis XVI, and Maximilian of Mexico; or when they are killed in Court conspiracies, like Peter III, Paul, and various Sultans, Shahs, and Khans - little is said about it; but when they are killed without a trial and without a Court conspiracy - as in the case of Henry IV of France, Alexander ll, the Empress of Austria, the late Shah of Persia, and, recently, Humbert - such murders excite the greatest surprise and indignation among Kings and Emperors and their adherents, just as if they themselves never took part in murders, nor profited by them, nor instigated them. But, in fact, the mildest of the murdered Kings (Alexander II or Humbert, for instance), not to speak of executions in their own countries, were instigators of, and accomplices and partakers in, the murder of tens of thousands of men who perished on the field of battle; while more cruel Kings and Emperors have been guilty of hundreds of thousands, and even millions, of murders.
The teaching of Christ repeals the law, 'An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth'; but those who have always clung to that law, and still cling to it, and who apply it to a terrible degree - not only claiming an eye for an eye,' but without provocation decreeing the slaughter of thousands, as they do when they declare wa r- have no right to be indignant at the application of that same law to themselves in so small and insignificant a degree that hardly one King or Emperor is killed for each hundred thousand, or perhaps even for each million, who are killed by the order and with the consent of Kings and Emperors. Kings and Emperors not only should not be indignant at such murders as those of Alexander II and Humbert, but they should be surprised that such murders are so rare, considering the continual and universal example of murder that they give to mankind.
In Canto Three of his poem Shade describes his heart attack and mentions Hurricane Lolita that swept from Florida to Maine and Shahs:
It was a year of Tempests: Hurricane
Lolita swept from Florida to Maine.
Mars glowed. Shahs married. Gloomy Russians spied.
Lang made your portrait. And one night I died. (ll. 679-82)
The narrator and main character in VN's novel Lolita (1955), Humbert Humbert was born in 1910 (the year of Leo Tolstoy's death), in Paris. King Umberto I of Italy (1844-1900) was said to have met his doppelgänger—an exact physical double who also ran a restaurant, was born on the same day in the same town, and married a woman named Margherita—on the exact day he was crowned. Tragically, the King's look-alike was shot dead on the same day the King was assassinated. Shade's murderer, Gradus is Kinbote's double. Shade's birthday, July 5, is also Kinbote's and Gradus's birthday (while Shade was born in 1898, Kinbote and Gradus were born in 1915). Shade's poem is almost finished when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Dvoynik ("The Double," 1846) is a short novel by Fyodor Dostoevski (1821-1881), a writer whom Shade listed among Russian humorists:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
In his fragment Rim ("Rome," 1842) Nikolay Gogol (a writer whom Shade listed among Russian humorirts, 1809-1852) describes a carnival in Rome and mentions the great dead poet (il gran poeta morto) and his sonnet with a coda (sonetto colla coda):
Внимание толпы занял какой-то смельчак, шагавший на ходулях вравне с домами, рискуя всякую минуту быть сбитым с ног и грохнуться насмерть о мостовую. Но об этом, кажется, у него не было забот. Он тащил на плща ечах чучело великана, придерживая его одной рукою, неся в другой написанный на бумаге сонет с приделанным к нему бумажным хвостом, какой бывает у бумажного змея, и крича во весь голос: <Ecco il gran poeta morto. Ecco il suo sonetto colla coda!>
In a footnote Gogol says that in Italian poetry there is a kind of poem known as a sonnet with the tail (con la coda) and explains what a coda is:
В итальянской поэзии существует род стихотворенья, известного под именем сонета с хвостом (con la coda), - когда мысль не вместилась и ведёт за собою прибавление, которое часто бывает длиннее самого сонета.
Gogol points out that a coda can be longer than the sonnet itself. Not only (the unwritten) Line 1001 of Shade's poem, but Kinbote's entire foreword, commentary and index can thus be regarded as a coda of Shade's poem.