In a poem that, according to spectral narrators of VN's novel Transparent Things (1972), Hugh Person had published in a college magazine the sun is setting a heavenly example to the lake:
During the ten years that were to elapse between Hugh Person's first and second visits to Switzerland he earned his living in the various dull ways that fall to the lot of brilliant young people who lack any special gift or ambition and get accustomed to applying only a small part of their wits to humdrum or charlatan tasks. What they do with the other, much greater, portion, how and where their real fancies and feelings are housed, is not exactly a mystery – there are no mysteries now – but would entail explications and revelations too sad, too frightful, to face. Only experts, for experts, should probe a mind's misery.
He could multiply eight-digit numbers in his head, and lost that capacity in the course of a few gray diminishing nights during hospitalization with a virus infection at twenty-five. He had published a poem in a college magazine, a long rambling piece that began rather auspiciously:
Blest are suspension dots . . . The sun was setting
a heavenly example to the lake . . . (Chapter 8)
In Chekhov's novel Drama na okhote ("The Shooting Party," 1884) Kamyshev (the narrator and main character) describes his ride along the shore of a large round lake and says that it seemed to his blinded eyes that nature received light from the lake and not from the sun:
Мужик поклонился и вышел.
— Знал бы, не впускал его, чёрта! — проворчал Поликарп, быстро и бесцельно перелистывая книгу.
— Оставь книгу и поди оседлай Зорьку! — сказал я строго.
— Живо!— Живо... Как же, беспременно... Так вот возьму и побегу... Добро бы за дедом ехал, а то поедет чёрту рога ломать!
Это было сказано полушёпотом, но так, чтоб я слышал. Лакей, прошептавши дерзость, вытянулся передо мной и, презрительно ухмыляясь, стал ожидать ответной вспышки, но я сделал вид, что не слышал его слов. Мое молчание — лучшее и острейшее орудие в сражениях с Поликарпом. Это презрительное пропускание мимо ушей его ядовитых слов обезоруживает его и лишает почвы. Оно как наказание действует сильнее, чем подзатыльник или поток ругательных слов... Когда Поликарп вышел на двор седлать Зорьку, я заглянул в книгу, которую помешал ему читать... Это был «Граф Монте-Кристо», страшный роман Дюма... Мой цивилизованный дурак читает всё, начиная с вывесок питейных домов и кончая Огюстом Контом, лежащим у меня в сундуке вместе с другими мною не читаемыми, заброшенными книгами; но из всей массы печатного и писанного он признает одни только страшные, сильно действующие романы с знатными «господами», ядами и подземными ходами, остальное же он окрестил «чепухой». Об его чтении мне придется еще говорить в будущем, теперь же — ехать! Через четверть часа копыта моей Зорьки уже вздымали пыль по дороге от деревни до графской усадьбы. Солнце было близко к своему ночлегу, но жар и духота давали еще себя чувствовать... Накаленный воздух был неподвижен и сух, несмотря на то, что дорога моя лежала по берегу громаднейшего озера... Справа видел я водную массу, слева ласкала мой взгляд молодая, весенняя листва дубового леса, а между тем мои щеки переживали Сахару.
«Быть грозе!» — подумал я, мечтая о хорошем, холодном ливне...
Озеро тихо спало. Ни одним звуком не приветствовало оно полета моей Зорьки, и лишь писк молодого кулика нарушал гробовое безмолвие неподвижного великана. Солнце гляделось в него, как в большое зеркало, и заливало всю его ширь от моей дороги до далекого берега ослепительным светом. Ослепленным глазам казалось, что не от солнца, а от озера берет свой свет природа.
The muzhik bowed and retired.
“If I'd known, I wouldn't have let that devil in!” Polikarp grumbled, quickly turning over the pages of his book in an objectless manner.
“Put that book away and go and saddle Zorka,” I said. “Look sharp!”
“Look sharp! Oh, of course, certainly.… I'm just going to rush off.… It would be all right to go on business, but he'll go to break the devil's horns!”
This was said in an undertone, but loud enough for me to hear it. Having whispered this impertinence, my servant drew himself up before me and waited for me to flare up in reply, but I pretended not to have heard his words. My silence was the best and sharpest arms I could use in my contests with Polikarp. This contemptuous manner of allowing his venomous words to pass unheeded disarmed him and cut the ground away from under his feet. As a punishment it acted better than a box on the ear or a flood of vituperation.… When Polikarp had gone into the yard to saddle Zorka, I peeped into the book which he had been prevented from reading. It was The Count of Monte Cristo, Dumas' terrible romance.… My civilized fool read everything, beginning with the signboards of the public houses and finishing with Auguste Comte, which was lying in my trunk together with other neglected books that I did not read; but of the whole mass of written and printed matter he only approved of terrible, strongly exciting novels with “celebrated personages,” poison and subterranean passages; all the rest he dubbed “nonsense.” I shall have again to recur to his reading, now I had to ride off. A quarter of an hour later the hoofs of my Zorka were raising the dust on the road from the village to the Count's estate. The sun was near setting, but the heat and the sultriness were still felt. The hot air was dry and motionless, although my road led along the banks of an enormous lake.… On my right I saw the great expanse of water, on the left my sight was caressed by the young vernal foliage of an oak forest; nevertheless, my cheeks suffered the dryness of Sahara. “If there could only be a storm!” I thought, dreaming of a good cool downpour.
The lake slept peacefully. It did not greet with a single sound the flight of my Zorka, and it was only the piping of a young snipe that broke the grave-like silence of the motionless giant. The sun looked at itself in it as in a huge mirror, and shed a blinding light on the whole of its breadth that extended from my road to the opposite distant banks. And it seemed to my blinded eyes that nature received light from the lake and not from the sun. (Chapter I)
Kamyshev's servant, Polikarp calls the muzhik who brought a letter from Count Karneyev inviting Kamyshev to the Count's manor chyort (the devil) and mentions the devil's horns. A little earlier Polikarp says that it is cherti (the devils) who brought the Count back and mentions svinyushnik (a pigstry) that the Count will make of the district:
— Что тебе нужно? — обратился я к мужику.
— Я от графа, ваше благородие. Граф изволили вам кланяться и просили вас немедля к себе-с...
— Разве граф приехал? — удивился я.
— Точно так, ваше благородие... Вчерась ночью приехали... Письмо вот извольте-с...
— Опять черти принесли! — проговорил мой Поликарп. — Два лета без него покойно прожили, а нынче опять свинюшник в уезде заведет. Опять сраму не оберешься.
— Молчи, тебя не спрашивают!
— Меня и спрашивать не надо... Сам скажу. Опять будете от него в пьяном безобразии приезжать и в озере купаться, как есть, во всем костюме... Чисть потом! И за три дня не вычистишь!
— Что теперь граф делает? — спросил я мужика...
— Изволили обедать садиться, когда меня к вам посылали... До обеда рыбку удили в купальне-с... Как прикажете отвечать?
Я распечатал письмо и прочел в нем следующее:
«Милый мой Лекок! Если ты еще жив, здравствуешь и еще не забыл своего всепьянейшего друга, то, ни минуты не медля, облекайся в свои одежды и мчись ко мне. Приехал только прошлою ночью, но уже умираю от скуки. Нетерпение, с которым я ожидаю тебя, не знает границ. Хотел было сам съездить за тобой и увезти тебя в мою берлогу, но жара сковала все мои члены. Сижу на одном месте и обмахиваюсь веером. Ну, как живешь ты? Как поживает твой умнейший Иван Демьяныч? Всё еще воюешь со своим педантом Поликарпом? Приезжай скорей и рассказывай. Твой А. К.»
“What do you want?” I asked the muzhik.
“I have come from the Count, your honour. The Count sends you his greetings, and begs you to come to him at once.…”
“Has the Count arrived?” I asked, much astonished.
“Just so, your honour.… He arrived last night.… Here's a letter, sir.…”
“What the devil has brought him back!” my Polikarp grumbled. “Two summers we've lived peacefully without him, and this year he'll again make a pigsty of the district. We'll again not escape without shame.”
“Hold your tongue, your opinion is not asked!”
“I need not be asked.… I'll speak unasked. You'll again come home from him in drunken disorder and bathe in the lake just as you are, in all your clothes.… I've to clean them afterwards! They cannot be cleaned in three days!”
“What's the Count doing now?” I asked the muzhik.
“He was just sitting down to dinner when he sent me to you.… Before dinner he fished from the bathing house, sir.… What answer is there?”
I opened the letter and read the following:
“My Dear Lecoq,—If you are still alive, well, and have not forgotten your ever-drunken friend, do not delay a moment. Array yourself in your clothing and fly to me. I only arrived last night and am already dying from ennui. The impatience I feel to see you knows no bounds. I myself wanted to drive over to see you and carry you off to my den, but the heat has fettered all my limbs. I am sitting on one spot fanning myself. Well, how are you? How is your clever Ivan Dem'yanych? Are you still at war with your pedant, Polikarp? Come quickly and tell me everything.—Your A. K.” (ibid.)
Svinyushnik (a pigstry) brings to mind Mr. Tamworth (Mr. R.'s secretary, "Tom Tam"):
He did do something about it, despite all that fond criticism of himself. He wrote her a note from the venerable Versex Palace where he was to have cocktails in a few minutes with our most valuable author whose best book you did not like. Would you permit me to call on you, say Wednesday, the fourth? Because I shall be by then at the Ascot Hotel in your Witt, where I am told there is some excellent skiing even in summer. The main object of my stay here, on the other hand, is to find out when the old rascal's current book will be finished. It is queer to recall how keenly only the day before yesterday I had looked forward to seeing the great man at last in the flesh.
There was even more of it than our Person had expected on the strength of recent pictures. As he peeped through a vestibule window and watched him emerge from his car, no clarion of repute, no scream of glamour reverbed through his nervous system, which was wholly occupied with the bare-thighed girl in the sun-shot train. Yet what a grand sight R. presented - his handsome chauffeur helping the obese old boy on one side, his black-bearded secretary supporting him on the other, and two chasseurs from the hotel going through a mimicry of tentative assistance on the porch steps. The reporter in Person noted that Mr. R. wore Wallabees of a velvety cocoa shade, a lemon shirt with a lilac neck scarf, and a rumpled gray suit that seemed to have no distinction whatever - at least, to a plain American. Hullo, Person! They sat down in the lounge near the bar.
The illusory quality of the entire event was enhanced by the appearance and speech of the two characters. That monumental man with his clayey makeup and false grin, and Mr. Tamworth of the brigand's beard, seemed to be acting out a stiffly written scene for the benefit of an invisible audience from which Person, a dummy, kept turning away as if moved with his chair by Sherlock's concealed landlady, no matter how he sat or where he looked in the course of the brief but boozy interview. It was indeed all sham and waxworks as compared to the reality of Armande, whose image was stamped on the eye of his mind and shone through the show at various levels, sometimes upside down, sometimes on the teasing marge of his field of vision, but always there, always, true and thrilling. The commonplaces he and she had exchanged blazed with authenticity when placed for display against the forced guffaws in the bogus bar.
"Well, you certainly look remarkably fit," said Hugh with effusive mendacity after the drinks had been ordered.
Baron R. had coarse features, a sallow complexion, a lumpy nose with enlarged pores, shaggy bellicose eyebrows, an unerring stare, and a bulldog mouth full of bad teeth. The streak of nasty inventiveness so conspicuous in his writings also appeared in the prepared parts of his speech, as when he said, as he did now, that far from "looking fit" he felt more and more a creeping resemblance to the cinema star Reubenson who once played old gangsters in Florida-staged films; but no such actor existed.
"Anyway - how are you?" asked Hugh, pressing his disadvantage.
"To make a story quite short," replied Mr. R. (who had an exasperating way not only of trotting out hackneyed formulas in his would-be colloquial thickly accented English, but also. of getting them wrong), "I had not been feeling any too healthy, you know, during the winter. My liver, you know, was holding something against me."
He took a long sip of whiskey, and, rinsing his mouth with it in a manner Person had never yet witnessed, very slowly replaced his glass on the low table. Then, à deux with the muzzled stuff, he swallowed it and shifted to his second English style, the grand one of his most memorable characters:
"Insomnia and her sister Nocturia harry me, of course, but otherwise I am as hale as a pane of stamps. I don't think you met Mr. Tamworth. Person, pronounced Parson; and Tamworth: like the English breed of black-blotched swine."
"No," said Hugh, "it does not come from Parson, but rather from Peterson."
"O.K., son. And how's Phil?"
They discussed briefly R.'s publisher's vigor, charm, and acumen.
"Except that he wants me to write the wrong books. He wants - " assuming a coy throaty voice as he named the titles of a competitor's novels, also published by Phil - "he wants A Boy for Pleasure but would settle for The Slender Slut, and all I can offer him is not Tralala but the first and dullest tome of my Tralatitions."
"I assure you that he is waiting for the manuscript with utmost impatience. By the way - "
By the way, indeed! There ought to exist some rhetorical term for that twist of nonlogic. A unique view through a black weave ran by the way. By the way, I shall lose my mind if I do not get her.
" - by the way, I met a person yesterday who has just seen your stepdaughter - "
"Former stepdaughter," corrected Mr. R. "Quite a time no see, and I hope it remains so. Same stuff, son" (this to the barman).
"The occasion was rather remarkable. Here was this young woman, reading - "
"Excuse me," said the secretary warmly, and folding a note he had just scribbled, passed it to Hugh.
"Mr. R. resents all mention of Miss Moore and her mother."
And I don't blame him. But where was Hugh's famous tact? Giddy Hugh knew quite well the whole situation, having got it from Phil, not Julia, an impure but reticent little girl.
This part of our translucing is pretty boring, yet we must complete our report.
Mr. R. had discovered one day, with the help of a hired follower, that his wife Marion was having an affair with Christian Pines, son of the well-known cinema man who had directed the film Golden Windows (precariously based on the best of our author's novels). Mr. R. welcomed the situation since he was assiduously courting Julia Moore, his eighteen-year-old stepdaughter, and now had plans for the future, well worthy of a sentimental lecher whom three or four marriages had not sated yet. Very soon, however, he learned from the same sleuth, who is at present dying in a hot dirty hospital on Formosa, an island, that young Pines, a handsome frog-faced playboy, soon also to die, was the lover of both mother and daughter, whom he had serviced in Cavaliere, Cal., during two summers. Hence the separation acquired more pain and plenitude than R. had expected. In the midst of all this, our Person, in his discreet little way (though actually he was half an inch taller than big R.), had happened to nibble, too, at the corner of the crowded canvas. (Chapter 10)
In Conan Doyle’s story The Adventure of the Empty House a wax bust of Holmes is moved regularly from below by Mrs. Hudson (Sherlock's landlady) to simulate life. In his note to Kamyshev (the investigator) Count Karneyev calls his friend "my dear Lecoq" (Monsieur Lecoq is a fictional detective created by Émile Gaboriau, a French writer and journalist, 1832-73). During Hugh Person's second meeting with Mr. R., Mr. Tamworth is vocationing in Morocco. In Chekhov's Shooting Party, Kamyshev's cheeks suffer the dryness of Sahara, as rides to the Count's place.
In his last letter to his publisher Mr. R. calls his secretary Tom Tam:
Dear Phil,
This, no doubt, is my last letter to you. I am leaving you. I am leaving you for another even greater Publisher. In that House I shall be proofread by cherubim - or misprinted by devils, depending on the department my poor soul is assigned to. So adieu, dear friend, and may your heir auction this off most profitably.
Its holographical nature is explained by the fact that I prefer it not to be read by Tom Tam or one of his boy typists. I am mortally sick after a botched operation in the only private room of a Bolognese hospital. The kind young nurse who will mail it has told me with dreadful carving gestures something I paid her for as generously as I would her favors if I still were a man. Actually the favors of death knowledge are infinitely more precious than those of love. According to my almond-eyed little spy, the great surgeon, may his own liver rot, lied to me when he declared yesterday with a "deathhead's grin that the operazione had been perfetta. Well, it had been so in the sense Euler called zero the perfect number. Actually, they ripped me open, cast one horrified look at my decayed fegato, and without touching it sewed me up again. I shall not bother you with the Tamworth problem. You should have seen the smug expression of the oblong fellow's bearded lips when he visited me this morning. As you know - as everybody, even Marion, knows - he gnawed his way into all my affairs, crawling into every cranny, collecting every German-accented word of mine, so that now he can boswell the dead man just as he had bossed very well the living one. I am also writing my and your lawyer about the measures I would like to be taken after my departure in order to thwart Tamworth at every turn of his labyrinthian plans.
The only child I have ever loved is the ravishing, silly, treacherous little Julia Moore. Every cent and centime I possess as well as all literary remains that can be twisted out of Tamworth's clutches must go to her, whatever the ambiguous obscurities contained in my will: Sam knows what I am hinting at and will act accordingly.
The last two parts of my Opus are in your hands. I am very sorry that Hugh Person is not there to look after its publication. When you acknowledge this letter do not say a word of having received it, but instead, in a kind of code that would tell me you bear in mind this letter, give me, as a good old gossip, some information about him - why, for example, was he jailed, for a year - or more? - if he was found to have acted in a purely epileptic trance; why was he transferred to an asylum for the criminal insane after his case was reviewed and no crime found? And why was he shuttled between prison and madhouse for the next five or six years before ending up as a privately treated patient? How can one treat dreams, unless one is a quack? Please tell me all this because Person was one of the nicest persons I knew and also because you can smuggle all kinds of secret information for this poor soul in your letter about him.
Poor soul is right, you know. My wretched liver is as heavy as a rejected manuscript; they manage to keep the hideous hyena pain at bay by means of frequent injections but somehow or other it remains always present behind the wall of my flesh like the muffled thunder of a permanent avalanche which obliterates there, beyond me, all the structures of my imagination, all the landmarks of my conscious self. It is comic - but I used to believe that dying persons saw the vanity of things, the futility of fame, passion, art, and so forth. I believed that treasured memories in a dying man's mind dwindled to rainbow wisps; but now I feel just the contrary: my most trivial sentiments and those of all men have acquired gigantic proportions. The entire solar system is but a reflection in the crystal of my (or your) wrist watch. The more I shrivel the bigger I grow. I suppose this is an uncommon phenomenon. Total rejection of all religions ever dreamt up by man and total composure in the face of total death! If I could explain this triple totality in one big book, that book would become no doubt a new bible and its author the founder of a new creed. Fortunately for my self-esteem that book will not be written - not merely because a dying man cannot write books but because that particular one would never express in one flash what can only be understood immediately.
Note added by the recipient:
Received on the day of the writer's death. File under Repos - R. (Chapter 21)
Mr. R. is an American writer of German descent. According to Kamyshev, his mother (whose sentimentality Kamyshev has inherited) was German. In July 1904 Chekhov (whose wife, Olga Knipper, was a Russian actress of German descent) died in Badenweiler (a German spa). The action in Chekhov's play Chayka ("The Seagull," 1896) takes place in Sorin's lakesaide estate. In his brief obituary of the poet Prince Vladimir Odoevski famously called Pushkin (whose influence Chekhov, like all Russian writers of any worth, experienced) solntse russkoy poezii (the sun of Russian poetry). In a letter of May 18, 1836, to his wife (it was to be the poet's last letter to Natalia Nikolaevna) Pushkin says that the devil guessed him to be born in Russia, with a soul and talent:
Жена, мой ангел, хоть и спасибо за твое милое письмо, а всё-таки я с тобою побранюсь: зачем тебе было писать: это мое последнее письмо, более не получишь. Ты меня хочешь принудить приехать к тебе прежде 26. Это не дело. Бог поможет, «Современник» и без меня выйдет. А ты без меня не родишь. Можешь ли ты из полученных денег дать Одоевскому 500? нет? Ну, пусть меня дождутся — вот и всё. Новое твое распоряжение, касательно твоих доходов, касается тебя, делай как хочешь; хоть, кажется, лучше иметь дело с Дмитрием Николаевичем, чем с Натальей Ивановной. Это я говорю только dans l’intérêt de M-r Durier et M-me Sichler; а мне всё равно. Твои петербургские новости ужасны. То, что ты пишешь о Павлове, помирило меня с ним. Я рад, что он вызывал Апрелева. — У нас убийство может быть гнусным расчетом: оно избавляет от дуэля и подвергается одному наказанию — а не смертной казни. Утопление Столыпина — ужас! неужто невозможно было ему помочь! У нас в Москве всё слава богу смирно: бой Киреева с Яром произвел великое негодование в чопорной здешней публике. Нащокин заступается за Киреева очень просто и очень умно: что за беда, что гусарский поручик напился пьян и побил трактирщика, который стал обороняться? Разве в наше время, когда мы били немцев на Красном кабачке, и нам не доставалось, и немцы получали тычки сложа руки? По мне драка Киреева гораздо простительнее, нежели славный обед ваших кавалергардов и благоразумие молодых людей, которым плюют в глаза, а они утираются батистовым платком, смекая, что если выйдет история, так их в Аничков не позовут. Брюллов сейчас от меня. Едет в Петербург скрепя сердце; боится климата и неволи. Я стараюсь его утешить и ободрить; а между тем у меня у самого душа в пятки уходит, как вспомню, что я журналист. Будучи еще порядочным человеком, я получал уж полицейские выговоры и мне говорили: vous avez trompé и тому подобное. Что же теперь со мною будет? Мордвинов будет на меня смотреть, как на Фаддея Булгарина и Николая Полевого, как на шпиона; чёрт догадал меня родиться в России с душою и с талантом! Весело, нечего сказать. Прощай, будьте здоровы. Целую тебя.
Tom Tam brings to mind Tom, the Dreyers' dog in VN's novel Korol', dama, valet ("King, Queen, Knave," 1928). Chekhov is the author of Kashtanka (1888) and Dama s sobachkoy ("The Lady with the Lapdog," 1899). In his autobiography Speak, Memory (1951) VN says that the grandparents of the Nabokovs' dachshund Box II, a dog that followed its masters into exile, were Dr Anton Chekhov's Quina and Brom. King, Queen, Knave makes one think of VN's story Oblako, ozero, bashnya ("Cloud, Castle, Lake," 1937).
Tam is Russian for "there." Vse tam budem means "we all shall be there," in the sense "we all shall die." In his novella Step' ("The Steppe," 1888) Chekhov says: "Там хорошо, где нас нет: в прошлом нас уже нет, и оно кажется прекрасным (It is good there where we are not: we are not in the past anymore, and it appears beautiful)." The spectral narrators of Transparent Things find the past seductive:
Here's the person I want. Hullo, person! Doesn't hear me.
Perhaps if the future existed, concretely and individually, as something that could be discerned by a better brain, the past would not be so seductive: its demands would be balanced by those of the future. Persons might then straddle the middle stretch of the seesaw when considering this or that object. It might be fun.
But the future has no such reality (as the pictured past and the perceived present possess); the future is but a figure of speech, a specter of thought.
Hullo, person! What's the matter, don't pull me. I'm not bothering him. Oh, all right. Hullo, person . . . (last time, in a very small voice).
When we concentrate on a material object, whatever its situation, the very act of attention may lead to our involuntarily sinking into the history of that object. Novices must learn to skim over matter if they want matter to stay at the exact level of the moment. Transparent things, through which the past shines!
Man-made objects, or natural ones, inert in themselves but much used by careless life (you are thinking, and quite rightly so, of a hillside stone over which a multitude of small animals have scurried in the course of incalculable seasons) are particularly difficult to keep in surface focus: novices fall through the surface, humming happily to themselves, and are soon reveling with childish abandon in the story of this stone, of that heath. I shall explain. A thin veneer of immediate reality is spread over natural and artificial matter, and whoever wishes to remain in the now, with the now, on the now, should please not break its tension film. Otherwise the inexperienced miracle-worker will find himself no longer walking on water but descending upright among staring fish. More in a moment. (Chapter 1)
In his reminiscences of Chekhov, Iz zapisnoy knizhki (o Chekhove), "From a Notebook. On Chekhov" (1914), Alexander Amfiteatrov says that Chekhov once told him "if the devils exist in nature, let the devils write about the devils:"
Потерпев полное любовное крушение, разбитый по всему фронту, мой Демон произносил над прахом своей погибшей возлюбленной весьма трогательный монолог, в котором, между прочим, имелась такая аттестация:
Была ты,
Как изумруд, душой светла!
Чехов оживился:
- Как? что? как?
- "Как изумруд, душой светла..."
- Послушайте, Байрон: почему же ваш Демон уверен, что у неё душа - зелёная?
Рассмешил меня - и стих умер. А после сказал:
- Стихи красивые, а что не печатаете, ей-ей, хорошо делаете, право... Ни к чему все эти черти с чувствами... И с человеками сущее горе, а ещё черти страдать начнут.
- Так символ же, Антон Павлович!
- Слушайте: что же - символ? Человек должен писать человеческую правду. Если черти существуют в природе, то о чертях пусть черти и пишут.
According to Amfiteatrov (who showed to Chekhov his juvenile poem), Chekhov in jest called him "Byron." In Don Juan Byron rhymes 'level' (cf. "the exact level of the moment") with 'devil' and 'revel:'
But Time, which brings all beings to their level,
And sharp Adversity, will teach at last
Man, -- and, as we would hope, -- perhaps the devil,
That neither of their intellects are vast:
While youth's hot wishes in our red veins revel,
We know not this -- the blood flows on too fast;
But as the torrent widens towards the ocean,
We ponder deeply on each past emotion. (Canto the Fourth, II)
In one of the next stanzas Byron mentions a moment merry, a novel word in his vocabulary:
Some have accused me of a strange design
Against the creed and morals of the land,
And trace it in this poem every line:
I don't pretend that I quite understand
My own meaning when I would be very fine;
But the fact is that I have nothing plann'd,
Unless it were to be a moment merry,
A novel word in my vocabulary. (Canto the Fourth, V)
The spectral narrators in VN's novel seem to be the devils. This is a novel word not only in VN's work, but also in the entire world literature.
In VN's novel Lolita (1955) Humbert's photogenic mother was killed by lightning when Humbert was three, and Mrs. Richard F. Schiller (Lolita's married name) outlives Humbert by forty days and dies in childbed in Gray Star (a settlement in the remotest Northwest) on Chrismas Day 1952. In Chekhov’s Shooting Party Olenka tells Kamyshev that her mother was killed by a storm and that people killed in storms or in war, and women who have died after a difficult labour, go to paradise:
— Вы боитесь грозы? — спросил я Оленьку.
Та прижала щеку к круглому плечу и поглядела на меня детски доверчиво.
— Боюсь, — прошептала она, немного подумав. — Гроза убила у меня мою мать... В газетах даже писали об этом... Моя мать шла по полю и плакала... Ей очень горько жилось на этом свете... Бог сжалился над ней и убил со своим небесным электричеством.
— Откуда вы знаете, что там электричество?
— Я училась... Вы знаете? Убитые грозой и на войне и умершие от тяжелых родов попадают в рай... Этого нигде не написано в книгах, но это верно. Мать моя теперь в раю. Мне кажется, что и меня убьет гроза когда-нибудь и что и я буду в раю... Вы образованный человек?
— Да...
— Стало быть, вы не будете смеяться... Мне вот как хотелось бы умереть. Одеться в самое дорогое, модное платье, какое я на днях видела на здешней богачке, помещице Шеффер, надеть на руки браслеты... Потом стать на самый верх Каменной Могилы и дать себя убить молнии так, чтобы все люди видели... Страшный гром, знаете, и конец...
— Какая дикая фантазия! — усмехнулся я, заглядывая в глаза, полные священного ужаса перед страшной, но эффектной смертью. — А в обыкновенном платье вы не хотите умирать?
— Нет... — покачала головой Оленька. — И так, чтобы все люди видели.
— Ваше теперешнее платье лучше всяких модных и дорогих платьев... Оно идет к вам. В нем вы похожи на красный цветок зеленого леса.
— Нет, это неправда! — наивно вздохнула Оленька. — Это платье дешевое, не может быть оно хорошим.
‘Are you afraid of thunderstorms?’ I asked Olenka.
She pressed her cheek to her round shoulder and looked at me with the trustfulness of a child.
‘Yes I am,’ she whispered after a moment’s thought. ‘My mother was killed by a storm. It was even in the papers… Mother was crossing an open field and she was crying. She led a really wretched life in this world. God took pity on her and killed her with his heavenly electricity.’
‘How do you know there’s electricity in heaven?’
‘I’ve learned about it. Did you know that people killed in storms or in war, and women who have died after a difficult labour, go to paradise! You won’t find that in any books, but it’s true. My mother’s in paradise now. I think that one day I’ll be killed in a storm and I too will go to paradise. Are you an educated man?’
‘Yes.’
‘Then you won’t laugh at me. Now, this is how I’d like to die. To put on the most fashionable, expensive dress – like the one I saw that rich, local landowner Sheffer wearing the other day – and deck my arms with bracelets… Then to stand on the very top of Stone Grave and let myself be struck by lightning, in full view of everyone. A terrifying thunderclap, you know, and then – the end!’
‘What a wild fantasy!’ I laughed, peering into those eyes that were filled with holy terror at the thought of a terrible but dramatic death. ‘So, you don’t want to die in an ordinary dress?’
‘No,’ replied Olenka, with a shake of the head. ‘To die, so that everyone can see me!’
‘The frock you’re wearing now is nicer than any fashionable and expensive dress. It suits you. It makes you look like a red flower from the green woods.’
‘No, that’s not true,’ Olenka innocently sighed. ‘It’s a cheap dress, it can’t possibly be nice.’ (chapter II)