According to Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla), his tutor, admirable Mr. Campbell, did not meddle in the complexities of Zemblan ingledom:
Her [Queen Blenda] he remembered - more or less: a horsewoman, tall, broad, stout, ruddy-faced. She had been assured by a royal cousin that her son would be safe and happy under the tutelage of admirable Mr. Campbell who had taught several dutiful little princesses to spread butterflies and enjoy Lord Ronald's Coronach. He had immolated his life, so to speak, at the portable altars of a vast number of hobbies, from the study of book mites to bear hunting, and could reel off Macbeth from beginning to end during hikes; but he did not give a damn for his charges' morals, preferred ladies to laddies, and did not meddle in the complexities of Zemblan ingledom. He left, for some exotic court, after a ten-year stay, in 1932 when our Prince, aged seventeen, had begun dividing his time between the University and his regiment. It was the nicest period in his life. He never could decide what he enjoyed more: the study of poetry - especially English poetry - or attending parades, or dancing in masquerades with boy-girls and girl-boys. His mother died suddenly on July 21, 1936, from an obscure blood ailment that had also afflicted her mother and grandmother. She had been much better on the day before - and Charles Xavier had gone to an all-night ball in the so-called Ducal Dome in Grindelwood: for the nonce, a formal heterosexual affair, rather refreshing after some previous sport. At about four in the morning, with the sun enflaming the tree crests and Mt. Falk, a pink cone, the King stopped his powerful car at one of the gates of the palace. The air was so delicate, the light so lyrical, that he and the three friends he had with him decided to walk through the linden bosquet the rest of the distance to the Pavonian Pavilion where guests were lodged. He and Otar, a platonic pal, wore tails but they had lost their top hats to the highway winds. A strange something struck all four of them as they stood under the young limes in the prim landscape of scarp and counterscarp fortified by shadow and countershadow. Otar, a pleasant and cultured adeling with a tremendous nose and sparse hair, had his two mistresses with him, eighteen-year-old Fifalda (whom he later married) and seventeen-year-old Fleur (whom we shall meet in two other notes), daughters of Countess de Fyler, the Queen's favorite lady in waiting. One involuntarily lingers over that picture, as one does when standing at a vantage point of time and knowing in retrospect that in a moment one's life would undergo a complete change. So here was Otar, looking with a puzzled expression at the distant window's of the Queen's quarters, and there were the two girls, side by side, thin-legged, in shimmering wraps, their kitten noses pink, their eyes green and sleepy, their earrings catching and loosing the fire of the sun. There were a few people around, as there always were, no matter the hour, at this gate, along which a road, connecting with the eastern highway, ran. A peasant woman with a small cake she had baked, doubtlessly the mother of the sentinel who had not yet come to relieve the unshaven dark young nattdett (child of night) in his dreary sentry box, sat on a spur stone watching in feminine fascination the luciola-like tapers that moved from window to window; two workmen, holding their bicycles, stood staring too at those strange lights; and a drunk with a walrus mustache kept staggering around and patting the trunks of the lindens. One picks up minor items at such slowdowns of life. The King noticed that some reddish mud flecked the frames of the two bicycles and that their front wheels were both turned in the same direction, parallel to one another. Suddenly, down a steep path among the lilac bushes - a short cut from the Queen's quarters - the Countess came running and tripping over the hem of her quilted robe, and at the same moment, from another side of the palace, all seven councilors, dressed in their formal splendor and carrying like plum cakes replicas of various regalia, came striding down the stairs of stone, in dignified haste, but she beat them by one alin and spat out the news. The drunk started to sing a ribald ballad about "Karlie-Garlie" and fell into the demilune ditch. It is not easy to describe lucidly in short notes to a poem the various approaches to a fortified castle, and so, in my awareness of this problem, I prepared for John Shade, some time in June, when narrating to him the events briefly noticed in some of my comments (see note to line 130, for example), a rather handsomely drawn plan of the chambers, terraces, bastions and pleasure grounds of the Onhava Palace. Unless it has been destroyed or stolen, this careful picture in colored inks on a large (thirty by twenty inches) piece of cardboard might still be where I last saw it in mid-July, on the top of the big black trunk, opposite the old mangle, in a niche of the little corridor leading to the so-called fruit room. If it is not there, it might be looked for in his upper-floor study. I have written about this to Mrs. Shade but she does not reply to my letters. In case it still exists, I wish to beg her, without raising my voice, and very humbly, as humbly as the lowliest of the King's subjects might plead for an immediate restitution of his rights (the plan is mine and is clearly signed with a black chess-king crown after "Kinbote"), to send it, well packed, marked not to be bent on the wrapper, and by registered mail, to my publisher for reproduction in later editions of this work. Whatever energy I possessed has quite ebbed away lately, and these excruciating headaches now make impossible the mnemonic effort and eye strain that the drawing of another such plan would demand. The black trunk stands on another brown or brownish even larger one, and there is I think a stuffed fox or coyote next to them in their dark corner. (note to Line 71)
Ingledom commingles the English ‘ingle’ (a fire burning in a hearth; a fireplace, hearth) with the Russian dom (house, home). ‘Ingle’ comes from Scot-Gael aingeal (fire). Mr. Campbell is a Scotsman. Aingeal seems to be related to ignis, Latin for "fire." De Igne (“On Fire,” 1755) is an early work by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant spent all his life in Königsberg (since 1946 Kaliningrad). Kinbote's Zembla is a peninsula and brings to mind the Samland (or Sambia) Peninsula (now Kaliningrad Peninsula) northwest of Kaliningrad, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. In Russian it is also called Zemlandskiy poluostrov (the Zemlandic Peninsula).
In Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin (Two: VI: 8) Lenski is poklonnik Kanta i poet (Kant's votary, and a poet):
В свою деревню в ту же пору
Помещик новый прискакал
И столь же строгому разбору
В соседстве повод подавал:
По имени Владимир Ленской,
С душою прямо геттингенской,
Красавец, в полном цвете лет,
Поклонник Канта и поэт.
Он из Германии туманной
Привез учености плоды:
Вольнолюбивые мечты,
Дух пылкий и довольно странный,
Всегда восторженную речь
И кудри черные до плеч.
At that same time a new landowner
had driven down to his estate
and in the neighborhood was giving cause
for just as strict a scrutiny.
By name Vladimir Lenski,
with a soul really Göttingenian,
a handsome chap, in the full bloom of years,
Kant's votary, and a poet.
From misty Germany
he'd brought the fruits of learning:
liberty-loving dreams, a spirit
impetuous and rather queer,
a speech always enthusiastic,
and shoulder-length black curls.
At the beginning of EO (One: VII: 11) Pushkin mentions zemli (lands) that Onegin’s father mortgaged:
Высокой страсти не имея
Для звуков жизни не щадить,
Не мог он ямба от хорея,
Как мы ни бились, отличить.
Бранил Гомера, Феокрита;
Зато читал Адама Смита
И был глубокой эконом,
То есть умел судить о том,
Как государство богатеет,
И чем живет, и почему
Не нужно золота ему,
Когда простой продукт имеет.
Отец понять его не мог
И земли отдавал в залог.
Lacking the lofty passion not to spare
life for the sake of sounds,
an iamb from a trochee —
no matter how we strove — he could not tell apart.
Theocritus and Homer he disparaged,
but read, in compensation, Adam Smith,
and was a deep economist:
that is, he could assess the way
a state grows rich,
what it subsists upon, and why
it needs not gold
when it has got the simple product.
His father could not understand him,
and mortgaged his lands.
In his Foreword to Shade's poem Kinbote compares himself to a historical personage whose knowledge of money is limited to the abstract billions of a national debt:
Imagine a soft, clumsy giant; imagine a historical personage whose knowledge of money is limited to the abstract billions of a national debt; imagine an exiled prince who is unaware of the Golconda in his cuff links! This is to say - oh, hyperbolically - that I am the most impractical fellow in the world. Between such a person and an old fox in the book publishing business, relations are at first touchingly carefree and chummy, with expansive banterings and all sorts of amiable tokens. I have no reason to suppose that anything will ever happen to prevent this initial relationship with good old Frank, my present publisher, from remaining a permanent fixture.
Golconda is a ruined city in Southern India known for its diamond industry. In a letter of Dec. 16, 1831, to his wife Pushkin mentions golkondskie almazy (the Golconda diamonds) and busy (the beads):
Голкондских алмазов дожидаться не намерен, и в новый год вывезу тебя в бусах.
I’m not going to wait for the Golconda diamonds [Natalie’s pawned dowry] and on New Year’s Day will bring you out in the beads.
In his Commentary Kinbote mentions Gradus’ wife, a beader in Radugovitra who left her husband with a gypsy lover:
At his hotel the beaming proprietress handed him a telegram. It chided him in Danish for leaving Geneva and told him to undertake nothing until further notice. It also advised him to forget his work and amuse himself. But what (save dreams of blood) could be his amusements? He was not interested in sightseeing or seasiding. He had long stopped drinking. He did not go to concerts. He did not gamble. Sexual impulses had greatly bothered him at one time but that was over. After his wife, a beader in Radugovitra, had left him (with a gypsy lover), he had lived in sin with his mother-in-law until she was removed, blind and dropsical, to an asylum for decayed widows. Since then he had tried several times to castrate himself, had been laid up at the Glassman Hospital with a severe infection, and now, at forty-four, was quite cured of the lust that Nature, the grand cheat, puts into us to inveigle us into propagation. No wonder the advice to amuse himself infuriated him. I think I shall break this note here. (note to Line 697)
Radugovitra sounds as if it were a place in India. In "Fragments of Onegin's Journey" [IX] Pushkin describes the Makariev Market and mentions pearls brought by the Hindu:
. . . . . . . перед ним
Макарьев суетно хлопочет,
Кипит обилием своим.
Сюда жемчуг привёз индеец,
Поддельны вины европеец,
Табун бракованных коней
Пригнал заводчик из степей,
Игрок привёз свои колоды
И горсть услужливых костей,
Помещик — спелых дочерей,
А дочки — прошлогодни моды.
Всяк суетится, лжёт за двух,
И всюду меркантильный дух.
. . . . . . . . . . . . before him
Makariev bustlingly bestirs itself,
with its abundance seethes.
Here the Hindu brought pearls,
the European, spurious wines,
the breeder from the steppes
drove a herd of cast steeds,
the gamester brought his decks,
fistful of complaisant dice,
the landowner ripe daughters,
and daughterlings, the fashions of last year;
each bustles, lies enough for two,
and everywhere there's a mercantile spirit.
In his Commentary Kinbote mentions a Hindu member of the Extremtist party:
When the Zemblan Revolution broke out (May 1, 1958), she [Queen Disa] wrote the King a wild letter in governess English, urging him to come and stay with her until the situation cleared up. The letter was intercepted by the Onhava police, translated into crude Zemblan by a Hindu member of the Extremist party, and then read aloud to the royal captive in a would-be ironic voice by the preposterous commandant of the palace. There happened to be in that letter one - only one, thank God - sentimental sentence: "I want you to know that no matter how much you hurt me, you cannot hurt my love," and this sentence (if we re-English it from the Zemblan) came out as: "I desire you and love when you flog me." He interrupted the commandant, calling him a buffoon and a rogue, and insulting everybody around so dreadfully that the Extremists had to decide fast whether to shoot him at once or let him have the original of the letter. (note to Lines 433-434)
and a Hundu student who told Gradus (Shade’s murderer) that he did not know Kinbote:
Our pursuer made for the nearest stairs - and soon found himself among the bewitched hush of Rare Books. The room was beautiful and had no doors; in fact, some moments passed before he could discover the draped entrance he himself had just used. The awful perplexities of his quest blending with the renewal of impossible pangs in his belly, he dashed back - ran three steps down and nine steps up, and burst into a circular room where a bald-headed suntanned professor in a Hawaiian shirt sat at a round table reading with an ironic expression on his face a Russian book. He paid no attention to Gradus who traversed the room, stepped over a fat little white dog without awakening it, clattered down a helical staircase and found himself in Vault P. Here, a well-lit, pipe-lined, white-washed passage led hint to the sudden paradise of a water closet for plumbers or lost scholars where, cursing, he hurriedly transferred his automatic from its precarious dangle-pouch to his coat and relieved himself of another portion of the liquid hell inside him. He started to climb up again, and noticed in the temple light of the stacks an employee, a slim Hindu boy, with a call card in his hand. I had never spoken to that lad but had felt more than once his blue-brown gaze upon me, and no doubt my academic pseudonym was familiar to him but some sensitive cell in him, some chord of intuition, reacted to the harshness of the killer's interrogation and, as if protecting me from a cloudy danger, he smiled and said: "I do not know him, sir." (note to Line 949)
In a letter of Sept. 29, 1830, to Pletnyov (Pushkin’s friend and publisher to whom EO is dedicated) Pushkin mentions his mother-in-law who kept postponing the wedding because of the dowry and quotes the old Gypsy’s words in his poem Tsygany (“The Gypsies,” 1824):
Вот в чём было дело: тёща моя отлагала свадьбу за приданым, а уж, конечно, не я. Я бесился. Тёща начинала меня дурно принимать и заводить со мною глупые ссоры; и это бесило меня. Хандра схватила, и чёрные мысли мной овладели. Неужто я хотел иль думал отказаться? но я видел уж отказ и утешался чем ни попало. Всё, что ты говоришь о свете, справедливо; тем справедливее опасения мои, чтоб тётушки, да бабушки, да сестрицы не стали кружить голову молодой жене моей пустяками. Она меня любит, но посмотри, Алеко Плетнев, как гуляет вольная луна, etc.
“She [my bride] loves me, but look, Aleko Pletnyov, how vol’naya luna (the free moon) walks, etc.” (Pletnyov's name was Pyotr, Aleko is the main character of "The Gypsies.")
In his poem Na smert’ A. Bloka (“On the Death of Alexander Blok,” 1921) VN mentions luna (the moon) and compares Pushkin to raduga po vsey zemle (a rainbow over the whole Earth):
За туманами плыли туманы,
за луной расцветала луна...
Воспевал он лазурные страны,
где поёт неземная весна.
И в туманах Прекрасная Дама
проплывала, звала вдалеке,
словно звон отдалённого храма,
словно лунная зыбь на реке. (I)
Пушкин - радуга по всей земле,
Лермонтов - путь млечный над горами,
Тютчев - ключ, струящийся во мгле,
Фет - румяный луч во храме.
Все они, уплывшие от нас
в рай, благоухающий широко,
собрались, чтоб встретить в должный час
душу Александра Блока. (II)
Lazurnye strany (the azure lands) of which Blok sang bring to mind "by the false azure in the windowpane," the second line of Shade's poem. Lunnaya zyb’ na reke (a moonshine ripple on the river) in VN's poem on Blok's death makes one think of the Rippleson Caves (sea caves in Blawick) and the rare Rippleson panes mentioned by Kinbote in his Commentary:
Waiting for the Russian couple to recede, the King stopped beside the bench. The mosaic-faced man folded his newspaper, and one second before he spoke (in the neutral interval between smoke puff and detonation), the King knew it was Odon.
"All one could do at short notice," said Odon, plucking at his cheek to display how the varicolored semi-transparent film adhered to his face, altering its contours according to stress. "A polite person," he added, "does not, normally, examine too closely a poor fellow's disfigurement."
"I was looking for shpiks [plainclothesmen]" said the King. "All day," said Odon, "they have been patrolling the quay. They are dining at present."
"I'm thirsty and hungry," said the King. "That's young Baron Mandevil - chap who had that duel last year. Let's go now."
"Couldn't we take him too?"
"Wouldn't come - got a wife and a baby. Come on, Charlie, come on, Your Majesty."
"He was my throne page on Coronation Day."
Thus chatting, they reached the Rippleson Caves. I trust the reader has enjoyed this note. (note to Line 149)
Neither had Gradus been informed that he would be assisted in his quest by the Soviet sportsmen, Andronnikov and Niagarin, whom he had casually met once or twice on the Onhava Palace grounds when re-paning a broken window and checking for the new government the rare Rippleson panes in one of the ex-royal hothouses; and next moment he had lost the thread end of recognition as he settled down with the prudent wriggle of a short-legged person in the back seat of an old Cadillac and asked to be taken to a restaurant between Pellos and Cap Turc. (note to Line 697)
Shade borrowed the title of his poem from Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens. In his poem Shekspir (“Shakespeare,” 1924) VN calls Shakespeare vysokiy inglez (the tall inglesse):
Среди вельмож времен Елизаветы
и ты блистал, чтил пышные заветы,
и круг брыжей, атласным серебром
обтянутая ляжка, клин бородки -
все было как у всех... Так в плащ короткий
божественный запахивался гром.
Надменно-чужд тревоге театральной,
ты отстранил легко и беспечально
в сухой венок свивающийся лавр
и скрыл навек чудовищный свой гений
под маскою, но гул твоих видений
остался нам: венецианский мавр
и скорбь его; лицо Фальстафа - вымя
с наклеенными усиками; Лир
бушующий... Ты здесь, ты жив - но имя,
но облик свой, обманывая мир,
ты потопил в тебе любезной Лете.
И то сказать: труды твои привык
подписывать - за плату - ростовщик,
тот Вилль Шекспир, что «Тень» играл в «Гамлете»,
жил в кабаках и умер, не успев
переварить кабанью головизну...
Дышал фрегат, ты покидал отчизну.
Италию ты видел. Нараспев
звал женский голос сквозь узор железа,
звал на балкон высокого инглеза,
томимого лимонною луной
на улицах Вероны. Мне охота
воображать, что, может быть, смешной
и ласковый создатель Дон Кихота
беседовал с тобою - невзначай,
пока меняли лошадей - и, верно,
был вечер синь. В колодце, за таверной,
ведро звенело чисто... Отвечай,
кого любил? Откройся, в чьих записках
ты упомянут мельком? Мало ль низких,
ничтожных душ оставили свой след -
каких имен не сыщешь у Брантома!
Откройся, бог ямбического грома,
стоустый и немыслимый поэт!
Нет! В должный час, когда почуял - гонит
тебя Господь из жизни - вспоминал
ты рукописи тайные и знал,
что твоего величия не тронет
молвы мирской бесстыдное клеймо,
что навсегда в пыли столетий зыбкой
пребудешь ты безликим, как само
бессмертие... И вдаль ушел с улыбкой.
Amid grandees of times Elizabethan
you shimmered too, you followed sumptuous custom;
the circle of ruff, the silv'ry satin that
encased your thigh, the wedgelike beard--in all of this
you were like other men... Thus was enfolded
your godlike thunder in a succinct cape.
Haughty, aloof from theatre's alarums,
you easily, regretlessly relinquished
the laurels twinning into a dry wreath,
concealing for all time your monstrous genius
beneath a mask; and yet, your phantasm's echoes
still vibrate for us; your Venetian Moor,
his anguish; Falstaff's visage, like an udder
with pasted-on mustache; the raging Lear...
You are among us, you're alive; your name, though,
your image, too - deceiving, thus, the world
you have submerged in your beloved Lethe.
It's true, of course, a usurer had grown
accustomed, for a sum, to sign your work
(that Shakespeare--Will--who played the Ghost in Hamlet,
who lives in pubs, and died before he could
digest in full his portion of a boar's head)...
The frigate breathed, your country you were leaving,
To Italy you went. A female voice
called singsong through the iron's pattern
called to her balcony the tall inglesse,
grown languid from the lemon-tinted moon
and Verona's streets. My inclination
is to imagine, possibly, the droll
and kind creator of Don Quixote
exchanging with you a few casual words
while waiting for fresh horses--and the evening
was surely blue. The well behind the tavern
contained a pail's pure tinkling sound... Reply
whom did you love? Reveal yourself - whose memoirs
refer to you in passing? Look what numbers
of lowly, worthless souls have left their trace,
what countless names Brantome has for the asking!
Reveal yourself, god of iambic thunder,
you hundred-mouthed, unthinkably great bard!
No! At the destined hour, when you felt banished
by God from your existence, you recalled
those secret manuscripts, fully aware
that your supremacy would rest unblemished
by public rumor's unashamed brand,
that ever, midst the shifting dust of ages,
faceless you'd stay, like immortality
itself--then vanished in the distance, smiling.
Queen Disa (the wife of Charles the Beloved) seems to be a cross between Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Desdemona (Othello's wife in Shakespeare's Othello). In his poem VN mentions Shakespeare's Venetian Moor (Othello). Pushkin, too, had African blood.
At the grave of Dmitri Larin (Tatiana’s and Olga’s father) Lenski mournfully utters “Poor Yorick!”:
Своим пенатам возвращенный,
Владимир Ленский посетил
Соседа памятник смиренный,
И вздох он пеплу посвятил;
И долго сердцу грустно было.
"Рооr Yorick!16 — молвил он уныло. —
Он на руках меня держал.
Как часто в детстве я играл
Его Очаковской медалью!
Он Ольгу прочил за меня,
Он говорил: дождусь ли дня?.."
И, полный искренней печалью,
Владимир тут же начертал
Ему надгробный мадригал.
Restored to his penates,
Vladimir Lenski visited
his neighbor's humble monument,
and to the ashes consecrated
a sigh, and long his heart was melancholy.
“Poor Yorick!”16 mournfully he uttered, “he
hath borne me in his arms.
How oft I played in childhood
with his Ochákov medal!
He destined Olga to wed me;
he used to say: ‘Shall I be there
to see the day?’ ” and full of sincere sadness,
Vladimir there and then set down for him
a gravestone madrigal.
16. "Бедный Йорик!" — восклицание Гамлета над черепом шута. (См. Шекспира и Стерна.)
16. Poor Yorick! — Hamlet's exclamation over the skull of the fool (see Shakespeare and Sterne).
Dmitri Larin's Ochákov medal brings to mind valuable old medals found by Andronnikov and Niagarin in Queen Disa's jewel box:
On the morning of July 16 (while Shade was working on the 698-746 section of his poem) dull Gradus, dreading another day of enforced inactivity in sardonically, sparkling, stimulatingly noisy Nice, decided that until hunger drove him out he would not budge from a leathern armchair in the simulacrum of a lobby among the brown smells of his dingy hotel. Unhurriedly he went through a heap of old magazines on a nearby table. There he sat, a little monument of taciturnity, sighing, puffing out his cheeks, licking his thumb before turning a page, gaping at the pictures, and moving his lips as he climbed down the columns of printed matter. Having replaced everything in a neat pile, he sank back in his chair closing and opening his gabled hands in various constructions of tedium - when a man who had occupied a seat next to him got up and walked into the outer glare leaving his paper behind. Gradus pulled it into his lap, spread it out - and froze over a strange piece of local news that caught his eye: burglars had broken into Villa Disa and ransacked a bureau, taking from a jewel box a number of valuable old medals.
Here was something to brood upon. Had this vaguely unpleasant incident some bearing on his quest? Should he do something about it? Cable headquarters? Hard to word succinctly a simple fact without having it look like a cryptogram. Airmail a clipping? He was in his room working on the newspaper with a safety razor blade when there was a bright rap-rap at the door. Gradus admitted an unexpected visitor - one of the greater Shadows, whom he had thought to be onhava-onhava ("far, far away"), in wild, misty, almost legendary Zembla! What stunning conjuring tricks our magical mechanical age plays with old mother space and old father time!
He was a merry, perhaps overmerry, fellow, in a green velvet jacket. Nobody liked him, but he certainly had a keen mind. His name, Izumrudov, sounded rather Russian but actually meant "of the Umruds," an Eskimo tribe sometimes seen paddling their umyaks (hide-lined boats) on the emerald waters of our northern shores. Grinning, he said friend Gradus must get together his travel documents, including a health certificate, and take the earliest available jet to New York. Bowing, he congratulated him on having indicated with such phenomenal acumen the right place and the right way. Yes, after a thorough perlustration of the loot that Andron and Niagarushka had obtained from the Queen's rosewood writing desk (mostly bills, and treasured snapshots, and those silly medals) a letter from the King did turn up giving his address which was of all places - Our man, who interrupted the herald of success to say he had never - was bidden not to display so much modesty. A slip of paper was now produced on which Izumrudov, shaking with laughter (death is hilarious), wrote out for Gradus their client's alias, the name of the university where he taught, and that of the town where it was situated. No, the slip was not for keeps. He could keep it only while memorizing it. This brand of paper (used by macaroon makers) was not only digestible but delicious. The gay green vision withdrew - to resume his whoring no doubt. How one hates such men! (note to Line 741)
"The gay green vision" brings to mind U lukomor'ya dub zelyonyi (The green oak at the curved sea shore) and Tam les i dol videniy polny (there the wood and valley are full of visions), the lines in Pushkin's introdutory poem (1824) to Ruslan and Lyudmila (1820). At the beginning of EO (One: II: 6) Pushkin addresses the friends of Lyudmila and Ruslan:
Так думал молодой повеса,
Летя в пыли на почтовых,
Всевышней волею Зевеса
Наследник всех своих родных.
Друзья Людмилы и Руслана!
С героем моего романа
Без предисловий сей же час
Позвольте познакомить вас:
Онегин, добрый мой приятель,
Родился на брегах Невы,
Где, может быть, родились вы
Или блистали, мой читатель!
Там некогда гулял и я:
Но вреден север для меня.1
Thus a young scapegrace thought
as with post horses in the dust he flew,
by the most lofty will of Zeus
the heir of all his kin.
Friends of Lyudmila and Ruslan!
The hero of my novel,
without preambles, forthwith,
I'd like to have you meet:
Onegin, a good pal of mine,
was born upon the Neva's banks,
where maybe you were born
or used to shine, my reader!
There formerly I too promenaded —
but harmful is the North to me.1
1. Писано в Бессарабии.
1. Written in Bessarabia.
Zembla is a distant Northern land.
It seems that Kinbote writes his Commentary, Index and Foreword (in that order) to Shade's poem not in "Cedarn, Utana” but in a madhouse in Quebec. Ingledom also brings to mind ildeham (madhouse) mentioned by Prince Adulf (“Prince Fig”) in VN’s story Solus Rex (1940). According to VN, the model of Prince Adulf was Sergei Diaghelev (who is also known as Dangle Leaf). Kinbote proposed Solus Rex as a title of Shade’s poem:
We know how firmly, how stupidly I believed that Shade was composing a poem, a kind of romaunt, about the King of Zembla. We have been prepared for the horrible disappointment in store for me. Oh, I did not expect him to devote himself completely to that theme! It might have been blended of course with some of his own life stuff and sundry Americana - but I was sure his poem would contain the wonderful incidents I had described to him, the characters I had made alive for him and all the unique atmosphere of my kingdom. I even suggested to him a good title -the title of the book in me whose pages he was to cut: Solus Rex, instead of which I saw Pale Fire, which meant to me nothing. I started to read the poem. I read faster and faster. I sped through it, snarling, as a furious young heir through an old deceiver's testament. Where were the battlements of my sunset castle? Where was Zembla the Fair? Where her spine of mountains? Where her long thrill through the mist? And my lovely flower boys, and the spectrum of the stained windows, and the Black Rose Paladins, and the whole marvelous tale? (note to Line 1000)
At the beginning of EO (One: II: 4) Pushkin calls Onegin naslednik vsekh svoikh rodnykh (the heir of all his relatives).
ingledom + kniga + Gradus = kingdom + angel + igra + sud
kniga – book
igra – play, game
sud – (law-)court, trial, judgment, verdict
Kinbote’s landlord, Hugh Warren Goldsworth is a sud’ya (judge).
At the end of his poem Prorok (“The Prophet,” 1826) Pushkin mentions morya i zemli (seas and lands):
Духовной жаждою томим,
В пустыне мрачной я влачился, -
И шестикрылый серафим
На перепутьи мне явился.
Перстами лёгкими как сон
Моих зениц коснулся он.
Отверзлись вещие зеницы,
Как у испуганной орлицы.
Моих ушей коснулся он, -
И их наполнил шум и звон:
И внял я неба содроганье,
И горний ангелов полёт,
И гад морских подводный ход.
И дольней лозы прозябанье.
И он к устам моим приник,
И вырвал грешный мой язык,
И празднословный, и лукавый,
И жало мудрыя змеи
В уста замершие мои
Вложил десницею кровавой.
И он мне грудь рассек мечом,
И сердце трепетное вынул
И угль, пылающий огнём,
Во грудь отверстую водвинул.
Как труп в пустыне я лежал,
И бога глас ко мне воззвал:
"Восстань, пророк, и виждь, и внемли,
Исполнись волею моей,
И, обходя моря и земли,
Глаголом жги сердца людей".
Tormented by a spiritual thirst,
I stumbled through a gloomy waste,
And there a six-winged seraph
Appeared before me at the crossroad.
With touch as light as slumber,
He laid his fingers on my eyes,
Which opened wide in prophecy
Just as a startled eagle’s might.
Upon my ears his touch then fell,
And they were filled with noise and clangs:
I heard the heavens shift on high,
The whispering of angels' wings,
Sea monsters moving in the deep,
The growing grapevines in the vales.
And then he bent down towards my mouth,
My sinful tongue he ripped right out-
Its slander and its idle lies-
And with his bloody hand inserted
Between my still and lifeless lips
A cunning serpent's forked tongue.
And with his sword he cleaved my breast
Removed my shaking heart,
And then he seized a blazing coal,
And placed it in my gaping breast.
Corpse-like I lay upon the sand
And then God's voice called out to me:
"Arise, O Prophet, watch and hark,
Fulfill all my commands:
Go forth now over land and sea,
And with your word ignite men's hearts.
In Chapter Ten (IV: 5) of EO Pushkin says: Morya dostalis' Al'bionu (The seas to Albion were apportioned). Doch' Al'biona ("A Daughter of Albion," 1883) is a humorous story by Chekhov about the imperturbable English governess (Wilka Charlesovna Fyce) of an unceremonious Russian landowner's children. In a conversation with Kinbote Shade listed Chekhov among Russian humorists:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
Pushkin destroyed Chapter Ten of EO on Oct. 19, 1830 (the Lyceum anniversary). Kinbote completes his work on Shade's poem and commits suicide on Oct. 19, 1959. There is a hope that, after Kinbote's death, Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc.”), will be full again. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became Shade, Kinbote and Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade's "real" name). In Chapter Five (VII: 13-14) of EO Pushkin describes the Yuletide divination and mentions nadezhda (hope) that lies with its childish lisp to old people:
Что ж? Тайну прелесть находила
И в самом ужасе она:
Так нас природа сотворила,
К противуречию склонна.
Настали святки. То-то радость!
Гадает ветреная младость,
Которой ничего не жаль,
Перед которой жизни даль
Лежит светла, необозрима;
Гадает старость сквозь очки
У гробовой своей доски,
Всё потеряв невозвратимо;
И всё равно: надежда им
Лжёт детским лепетом своим.
Yet — in her very terror
she found a secret charm:
thus has created us nature,
inclined to contradictions.
Yuletide is here. Now that is joy!
Volatile youth divines —
who nought has to regret,
in front of whom the faraway of life
extends luminous, boundless;
old age divines, through spectacles,
at its sepulchral slab,
all having irrecoverably lost;
nor does it matter: hope to them
lies with its childish lisp.