At the end of his poem John Shade (the poet in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962) mentions a dark Vanessa butterfly:
A dark Vanessa with crimson band
Wheels in the low sun, settles on the sand
And shows its ink-blue wingtips flecked with white.
And through the flowing shade and ebbing light
A man, unheedful of the butterfly -
Some neighbor's gardener, I guess - goes by
Trundling an empty barrow up the lane. (ll. 993-999)
In his note to Lines 993-95 Kinbote (Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) writes:
One minute before his death, as we were crossing from his demesne to mine and had begun working up between the junipers and ornamental shrubs, a Red Admirable (see note to line 270) came dizzily whirling around us like a colored flame. Once or twice before we had already noticed the same individual, at that same time, on that same spot, where the low sun finding an aperture in the foliage splashed the brown sand with a last radiance while the evening's shade covered the rest of the path. One's eyes could not follow the rapid butterfly in the sunbeams as it flashed and vanished, and flashed again, with an almost frightening imitation of conscious play which now culminated in its settling upon my delighted friend's sleeve. It took off, and we saw it next moment sporting in an ecstasy of frivolous haste around a laurel shrub, every now and then perching on a lacquered leaf and sliding down its grooved middle like a boy down the banisters on his birthday. Then the tide of the shade reached the laurels, and the magnificent, velvet-and-flame creature dissolved in it.
In Strong Opinions (Interview 15) VN comments on Vanessa atalanta (the Red Admirable) as follows:
Its coloring is quite splendid and I liked it very much in my youth. Great numbers of them migrated from Africa to Northern Russia, where it was called "The Butterfly of Doom" because it was especially abundant in 1881, the year Tsar Alexander II was assassinated, and the markings on the underside of its two hind wings seem to read "1881". The Red Admirable's ability to travel so far is matched by many other migratory butterflies. (p. 170)
Tsar Alexander II was killed by a bomb of the terrorists. At the end of his Commentary Kinbote mentions “ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square:”
"And you, what will you be doing with yourself, poor King, poor Kinbote?" a gentle young voice may inquire.
God will help me, I trust, to rid myself of any desire to follow the example of the other two characters in this work. I shall continue to exist. I may assume other disguises, other forms, but I shall try to exist. I may turn up yet, on another campus, as an old, happy, healthy heterosexual Russian, a writer in exile, sans fame, sans future, sans audience, sans anything but his art. I may join forces with Odon in a new motion picture: Escape from Zembla (ball in the palace, bomb in the palace square). I may pander to the simple tastes of theatrical critics and cook up a stage play, an old-fashioned melodrama with three principles: a lunatic who intends to kill an imaginary king, another lunatic who imagines himself to be that king, and a distinguished old poet who stumbles by chance into the line of fire, and perishes in the clash between the two figments. Oh, I may do many things! History permitting, I may sail back to my recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain. I may huddle and groan in a madhouse. But whatever happens, wherever the scene is laid, somebody, somewhere, will quietly set out--somebody has already set out, somebody still rather far away is buying a ticket, is boarding a bus, a ship, a plane, has landed, is walking toward a million photographers, and presently he will ring at my door--a bigger, more respectable, more competent Gradus. (note to Line 1000)
“A million photographers” brings to mind russkikh milliony (millions of Russians) mentioned by Dostoevski (who in a letter of Oct. 31, 1838, to his brother repeats the word gradus, “degree,” twice) in his poem “On the Coronation of Alexander II and Conclusion of Peace” (1856):
Идёт наш царь принять корону…
Молитву чистую творя,
Взывают русских миллионы:
Благослови, господь, царя!
In Dostoevski's poem milliony (millions) rhymes with koronu (Acc. of korona, "crown"), a word involved in a series of misprints mentioned by Kinbote in his Commentary:
Translators of Shade's poem are bound to have trouble with the transformation, at one stroke, of "mountain" into "fountain:" it cannot be rendered in French or German, or Russian, or Zemblan; so the translator will have to put it into one of those footnotes that are the rogue's galleries of words. However! There exists to my knowledge one absolutely extraordinary, unbelievably elegant case, where not only two, but three words are involved. The story itself is trivial enough (and probably apocryphal). A newspaper account of a Russian tsar's coronation had, instead of korona (crown), the misprint vorona (crow), and when next day this apologetically "corrected," it got misprinted a second time as korova (cow). The artistic correlation between the crown-crow-cow series and the Russian korona-vorona-korova series is something that would have, I am sure, enraptured my poet. I have seen nothing like it on lexical playfields and the odds against the double coincidence defy computation. (note to Line 803)
Two other words of the korona-vorona-korova series, v korovu and v voronu, occur in Vladimir Solovyov's poem “To L. M. Lopatin” (1897):
Мы все феномены, всем тварям по закону
Субстанциями быть запрещено,-
Куда б ни метил ты: в корову иль в ворону,-
Субстанцию минуешь всё равно.
The surname Lopatin comes from lopata (spade), and brings to mind the spade with which Balthasar, Prince of Loam (Kinbote's black gardener), deals Gradus a tremendous blow on the pate.
In the preceding stanza of his poem on the tsar's coronation Dostoevski mentions rab lenivyi i lukavyi (“a lazy and wicked servant;” allusion to Matthew 25:26):
Не русской тот, кто, путь неправый
В сей час торжественный избрав,
Как раб ленивый и лукавый,
Пойдёт, святыни не поняв.
In his novel Voyna i mir (“War and Peace,” 1869) Leo Tolstoy says that a king is rab istorii (history’s slave):
Царь — есть раб истории.
История, т. е. бессознательная, общая, роевая жизнь человечества, всякой минутой жизни царей пользуется для себя, как орудием для своих целей.
Наполеон, несмотря на то, что ему более чем когда-нибудь, теперь, в 1812 году, казалось, что от него зависело verser или не verser le sang de ses peuples (как в последнем письме писал ему Александр) никогда более как теперь не подлежал тем неизбежным законам, которые заставляли его (действуя в отношении себя, как ему казалось, по произволу) делать для общего дела, для истории то, чтò должно было совершиться.
A king is history's slave. History, that is, the unconscious, general, hive life of mankind, uses every moment of the life of kings as a tool for its own purposes.
Though Napoleon at that time, in 1812, was more convinced than ever that it depended on him, verser (ou ne pas verser) le sang de ses peoples - as Alexander expressed it in the last letter he wrote him- he had never been so much in the grip of inevitable laws, which compelled him, while thinking that he was acting on his own volition, to perform for the hive life - that is to say, for history - whatever had to be performed. (Vol. Three, Part I, chapter 1)
According to Kinbote, history permitting, he may sail back to his recovered kingdom, and with a great sob greet the gray coastline and the gleam of a roof in the rain.
In Dostoevski’s novel Podrostok (“The Adolescent,” 1875) Versilov speaks of the photographic portrait of his wife Sonya and mentions Napoleon and Bismarck:
- Заметь, - сказал он, - фотографические снимки чрезвычайно редко выходят похожими, и это понятно: сам оригинал, то есть каждый из нас, чрезвычайно редко бывает похож на себя. В редкие только мгновения человеческое лицо выражает главную черту свою, свою самую характерную мысль. Художник изучает лицо и угадывает эту главную мысль лица, хотя бы в тот момент, в который он списывает, и не было её вовсе в лице. Фотография же застает человека как есть, и весьма возможно, что Наполеон, в иную минуту, вышел бы глупым, а Бисмарк - нежным. Здесь же, в этом портрете, солнце, как нарочно, застало Соню в её главном мгновении - стыдливой, кроткой любви и несколько дикого, пугливого её целомудрия.
“Observe," he said; "photographs very rarely turn out good likenesses, and that one can easily understand: the originals, that is all of us, are very rarely like ourselves. Only on rare occasions does a man's face express his leading quality, his most characteristic thought. The artist studies the face and divines its characteristic meaning, though at the actual moment when he's painting, it may not be in the face at all. Photography takes a man as he is, and it is extremely possible that at moments Napoleon would have turned out stupid, and Bismarck tender. Here, in this portrait, by good luck the sun caught Sonya in her characteristic moment of modest gentle love and rather wild shrinking chastity." (Chapter Seven, 1)
In Der Untergang des Abendlandes (“The Decline of the West,” 1918) Oswald Spengler speaks of Napoleon, Bismarck and Goethe and mentions a coda (using the word in a musical sense):
Napoleon hat in bedeutenden Augenblicken ein starkes Gefühl für die tiefe Logik des Weltwerdens. Er ahnte dann, inwiefern er ein Schicksal war und inwiefern er eines hatte. »Ich fühle mich gegen ein Ziel getrieben, das ich nicht kenne. Sobald ich es erreicht haben werde, sobald ich nicht mehr notwendig sein werde, wird ein Atom genügen, mich zu zerschmettern. Bis dahin aber werden alle menschlichen Kräfte nichts gegen mich vermögen«, sagte er zu Beginn des russischen Feldzugs… Bismarck selbst deutet in seinen Erinnerungen an, daß im Frühling 1848 eine Einigung in weiterem Umfang als 1870 hätte erreicht werden können, was nur an der Politik des preußischen Königs, richtiger an seinem privaten Geschmack scheiterte. Das wäre, auch nach Bismarcks Gefühl, eine matte Durchführung des »Satzes« gewesen, die irgendwie eine Coda (»da capo e poi la coda«) notwendig gemacht hätte. Der Sinn der Epoche – das Thema – wäre aber durch keine Gestaltung des Tatsächlichen verändert worden. Goethe konnte – vielleicht – in frühen Jahren sterben, nicht seine »Idee«. Faust und Tasso wären nicht geschrieben worden, aber sie wären, ohne ihre poetische Greifbarkeit, in einem sehr geheimnisvollen Sinne trotzdem »gewesen«. (Chapter Two, II, 16)
In VN’s novel Dar (“The Gift,” 1937) Yasha Chernyshevski was in a daze for a whole week after reading Spengler:
Его пасмурность, прерываемая резким крикливым весельем, свойственным безъюморным людям; его сентиментально-умственные увлечения; его чистота, которая сильно отдавала бы трусостью чувств, кабы не болезненная изысканность их толкования; его ощущение Германии; его безвкусные тревоги («неделю был как в чаду», потому что прочитал Шпенглера); наконец, его стихи… словом всё то, что для его матери было преисполнено очарования, мне лишь претило.
His somberness, interrupted by the sudden shrill gaiety characteristic of humorless people; the sentimentality of his intellectual enthusiasms; his purity, which would have strongly suggested timidity of the senses were it not for the morbid over-refinement of their interpretation; his feeling for Germany; his tasteless spiritual throes (“For a whole week,” he said, “I was in a daze”—after reading Spengler!); and finally his poetry… in short, everything that to his mother was filled with enchantment only repelled me. (Chapter One)
According to Spengler, Die Nacht entkörpert; der Tag entseelt (night eliminates body; day, soul). In his Foreword and Commentary to Shade’s poem Kinbote mentions Dr. Oscar Nattochdag (a distinguished Zemblan scholar whose surname means in Swedish “night and day”). Dr. Nattochdag’s nickname, Netochka, hints at Dostoevski’s unfinished novel Netochka Nezvanov (1849). In Chapter Five of “The Gift” Fyodor compares Dostoevski to a room in which a lamp burns during the day:
Фёдор Константинович собрался было восвояси, когда его сзади окликнул шепелявый голос: он принадлежал Ширину, автору романа "Седина" (с эпиграфом из книги Иова), очень сочувственно встреченного эмигрантской критикой. ("Господи, отче -- --? По Бродвею, в лихорадочном шорохе долларов, гетеры и дельцы в гетрах, дерясь, падая, задыхаясь, бежали за золотым тельцом, который, шуршащими боками протискиваясь между небоскребами, обращал к
электрическому небу изможденный лик свой и выл. В Париже, в низкопробном притоне, старик Лашез, бывший пионер авиации, а ныне дряхлый бродяга, топтал сапогами старуху-проститутку Буль-де-Сюиф. Господи отчего -- --? Из
московского подвала вышел палач и, присев у конуры, стал тюлюкать мохнатого щенка: Махонький, приговаривал он, махонький... В Лондоне лорды и лэди танцевали джими и распивали коктейль, изредка посматривая на эстраду, где на исходе восемнадцатого ринга огромный негр кнок-оутом уложил на ковер своего белокурого противника. В арктических снегах, на пустом ящике из-под мыла, сидел путешественник Эриксен и мрачно думал: Полюс или не полюс?.. Иван Червяков бережно обстригал бахрому единственных брюк. Господи, отчего Вы дозволяете все это?"). Сам Ширин был плотный, коренастый человек, с рыжеватым бобриком, всегда плохо выбритый, в больших очках, за которыми, как в двух аквариумах, плавали два маленьких, прозрачных глаза, совершенно равнодушных к зрительным впечатлениям. Он был слеп как Мильтон, глух как Бетховен, и глуп как бетон. Святая ненаблюдательность (а отсюда – полная неосведомленность об окружающем мире -- и полная неспособность что-либо именовать) -- свойство, почему-то довольно часто встречающееся у русского литератора-середняка, словно тут действует некий благотворный рок, отказывающий безталанному в благодати чувственного познания, дабы он зря не изгадил материала. Бывает, конечно, что в таком темном человеке играет какой-то собственный фонарик, -- не говоря о том, что известны случаи, когда по прихоти находчивой природы, любящей неожиданные приспособления и подмены, такой внутренний свет поразительно ярок -- на зависть любому краснощекому таланту. Но даже Достоевский всегда как-то напоминает комнату, в которой днём горит лампа.
Fyodor was about to walk home when a lisping voice called him from behind: it belonged to Shirin, author of the novel The Hoary Abyss (with an Epigraph from the Book of Job) which had been received very sympathetically by the émigré critics. (“Oh Lord, our Father! Down Broadway in a feverish rustle of dollars, hetaeras and businessmen in spats, shoving, falling and out of breath, were running after the golden calf, which pushed its way, rubbing against walls between the skyscrapers, then turned its emaciated face to the electric sky and howled. In Paris, in a low-class dive, the old man Lachaise, who had once been an aviation pioneer but was now a decrepit vagabond, trampled under his boots an ancient prostitute, Boule de Suif. Oh Lord, why—? Out of a Moscow basement a killer came out, squatted by a kennel and began to coax a shaggy pup: little one, he repeated, little one… In London, lords and ladies danced the Jimmie and imbibed cocktails, glancing from time to time at a platform where at the end of the eighteenth ring a huge Negro had laid his fair-haired opponent on the carpet with a knockout. Amid arctic snows the explorer Ericson sat on an empty soapbox and thought gloomily: The pole or not the pole?… Ivan Chervyakov carefully trimmed the fringe of his only pair of pants. Oh Lord, why dost Thou permit all this?”) Shirin himself was a thickset man with a reddish crew cut, always badly shaved and wearing large spectacles behind which, as in two aquariums, swam two tiny, transparent eyes—which were completely impervious to visual impressions. He was blind like Milton, deaf like Beethoven, and a blockhead to boot. A blissful incapacity for observation (and hence complete uninformedness about the surrounding world—and a complete inability to put a name to anything) is a quality quite frequently met with among the average Russian literati, as if a beneficent fate were at work refusing the blessing of sensory cognition to the untalented so that they will not wantonly mess up the material. It happens, of course, that such a benighted person has some little lamp of his own glimmering inside him—not to speak of those known instances in which, through the caprice of resourceful nature that loves startling adjustments and substitutions, such an inner light is astonishingly bright—enough to make the envy of the ruddiest talent. But even Dostoevski always brings to mind somehow a room in which a lamp burns during the day.
“An Epigraph from the Book of Job” brings to mind Shestov’s book Na vesakh Iova (“In Job’s Balances,” 1929). Lev Shestov is the author of Potestas clavium. Vlast’ klyuchey (“Power of the Keys,” 1923). The keys play an important part in “The Gift.” In Tysyacha i odna noch’ (“A Thousand and One Nights”), a Preface to Potestas clavium, Shestov says that mankind is plunged into a perpetual night – even in a thousand and one nights:
Человечество живёт не в свете, а во тьме, окутанное одною непрерывною ночью. Нет, не одной, и не двумя, и не десятью - а тысячью и одной ночью!
Mankind does not live in the light but in the bosom of darkness; it is plunged into a perpetual night. No! Not in one or two or ten but in a thousand and one nights! (4)
Shade’s poem is almost finished, when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade's poem needs but one line (Line 1000 identical to Line 1: "I was the shadow of the waxwing slain"). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade's poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: "By its own double in the windowpane"). Dvoynik ("The Double") is a short novel (1846) by Dostoevski and a poem (1909) by Alexander Blok. According to G. Ivanov (who mentions blednyi ogon’, pale fire, in one of his poems), to his question “does a sonnet need a coda” Blok replied that he did not know what a coda is. Ulichnyi podrostok (“The Street Adolescent,” 1912) is a sonnet with a coda by G. Ivanov (the author of a rude article on Sirin in the Paris émigré review Numbers).
According to Kinbote, in a conversation with him Shade listed Dostoevski among Russian humorists:
Speaking of the Head of the bloated Russian Department, Prof. Pnin, a regular martinet in regard to his underlings (happily, Prof. Botkin, who taught in another department, was not subordinated to that grotesque "perfectionist"): "How odd that Russian intellectuals should lack all sense of humor when they have such marvelous humorists as Gogol, Dostoevski, Chekhov, Zoshchenko, and those joint authors of genius Ilf and Petrov." (note to Line 172)
Alexander Yakovlevich Chernyshevski (a character in “The Gift”) went mad after the suicide of his son Yasha. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevold Botkin went mad and became Shade, Kinbote and Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade of Kinbote’s Commentary). There is a hope (nadezhda) that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on Oct. 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin's Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc."), will be full again.
In Zhizn’ Chernyshevskogo (“The Life of Chernyshevski”), Chapter Four of “The Gift,” Fyodor points out that Chernyshevski (a radical critic) repeated Vorontsov’s words about Pushkin:
Говоря, что Пушкин был «только слабым подражателем Байрона», Чернышевский чудовищно точно воспроизводил фразу графа Воронцова: «Слабый подражатель лорда Байрона». Излюбленная мысль Добролюбова, что «у Пушкина недостаток прочного, глубокого образования» – дружеское аукание с замечанием того же Воронцова: «Нельзя быть истинным поэтом, не работая постоянно для расширения своих познаний, а их у него недостаточно». «Для гения недостаточно смастерить Евгения Онегина», – писал Надеждин, сравнивая Пушкина с портным, изобретателем жилетных узоров, и заключая умственный союз с Уваровым, министром народного просвещения, сказавшим по случаю смерти Пушкина: «Писать стишки не значит еще проходить великое поприще».
When Chernyshevski said that Pushkin was “only a poor imitator of Byron,” he reproduced with monstrous accuracy the definition given by Count Vorontsov (Pushkin’s boss in Odessa): “A poor imitator of Lord Byron.” Dobrolyubov’s favorite idea that “Pushkin lacked a solid, deep education” is in friendly chime with Vorontsov’s remark: “One cannot be a genuine poet without constantly working to broaden one’s knowledge, and his is insufficient.” “To be a genius it is not enough to have manufactured Eugene Onegin,” wrote the progressive Nadezhdin, comparing Pushkin to a tailor, an inventor of waistcoat patterns, and thus concluding an intellectual pact with the reactionary Count Uvarov, Minister of Education, who remarked on the occasion of Pushkin’s death: “To write jingles does not mean yet to achieve a great career.”
In Eugene Onegin (Two: XIV: 5-7) Pushkin says that we all expect to be Napoleons and that the millions of two-legged creatures for us are orudie odno (only tools):
Но дружбы нет и той меж нами.
Все предрассудки истребя,
Мы почитаем всех нулями,
А единицами - себя.
Мы все глядим в Наполеоны;
Двуногих тварей миллионы
Для нас орудие одно;
Нам чувство дико и смешно.
Сноснее многих был Евгений;
Хоть он людей, конечно, знал
И вообще их презирал, -
Но (правил нет без исключений)
Иных он очень отличал
И вчуже чувство уважал.
But in our midst there’s even no such friendship:
Having destroyed all the prejudices,
We deem all people naughts
And ourselves units.
We all expect to be Napoleons;
the millions of two-legged creatures
for us are only tools;
feeling to us is weird and ludicrous.
More tolerant than many was Eugene,
though he, of course, knew men
and on the whole despised them;
but no rules are without exceptions:
some people he distinguished greatly
and, though estranged from it, respected feeling.
odno = Odon = Nodo (Odon’s epileptic half-brother, a cardsharp and despicable traitor)