Describing King Alfin’s passion for flying apparatuses, Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) mentions King Alfin’s constant "aerial adjutant" Colonel Peter Gusev:
King Alfin's absent-mindedness was strangely combined with a passion for mechanical things, especially for flying apparatuses. In 1912, he managed to rise in an umbrella-like Fabre "hydroplane" and almost got drowned in the sea between Nitra and Indra. He smashed two Farmans, three Zemblan machines, and a beloved Santos Dumont Demoiselle. A very special monoplane, Blenda IV, was built for him in 1916 by his constant "aerial adjutant" Colonel Peter Gusev (later a pioneer parachutist and, at seventy, one of the greatest jumpers of all time), and this was his bird of doom. On the serene, and not too cold, December morning that the angels chose to net his mild pure soul, King Alfin was in the act of trying solo a tricky vertical loop that Prince Andrey Kachurin, the famous Russian stunter and War One hero, had shown him in Gatchina. Something went wrong, and the little Blenda was seen to go into an uncontrolled dive. Behind and above him, in a Caudron biplane, Colonel Gusev (by then Duke of Rahl) and the Queen snapped several pictures of what seemed at first a noble and graceful evolution but then turned into something else. At the last moment, King Alfin managed to straighten out his machine and was again master of gravity when, immediately afterwards, he flew smack into the scaffolding of a huge hotel which was being constructed in the middle of a coastal heath as if for the special purpose of standing in a king's way. This uncompleted and badly gutted building was ordered razed by Queen Blenda who had it replaced by a tasteless monument of granite surmounted by an improbable type of aircraft made of bronze. The glossy prints of the enlarged photographs depicting the entire catastrophe were discovered one day by eight-year-old Charles Xavier in the drawer of a secretary bookcase. In some of these ghastly pictures one could make out the shoulders and leathern casque of the strangely unconcerned aviator, and in the penultimate one of the series, just before the white-blurred shattering crash, one distinctly saw him raise one arm in triumph, and reassurance. The boy had hideous dreams after that but his mother never found out that he had seen those infernal records. (note to Line 71)
Gusev (1890) is a story by Chekhov. In Chekhov’s story Ionych (1898) Vera Iosifovna (Kitten’s mother) tells Dr Startsev that her husband is an Othello:
-- Здравствуйте пожалуйста, -- сказал Иван Петрович, встречая его на крыльце. -- Очень, очень рад видеть такого приятного гостя. Пойдёмте, я представлю вас своей благоверной. Я говорю ему, Верочка, -- продолжал он, представляя доктора жене, -- я ему говорю, что он не имеет никакого римского права сидеть у себя в больнице, он должен отдавать свой досуг обществу. Не правда ли, душенька?
-- Садитесь здесь, -- говорила Вера Иосифовна, сажая гостя возле себя. -- Вы можете ухаживать за мной. Мой муж ревнив, это Отелло, но ведь мы постараемся вести себя так, что он ничего не заметит.
"How do you do, if you please?" said Ivan Petrovich, meeting him on the steps. "Delighted, delighted to see such an agreeable visitor. Come along; I will introduce you to my better half. I tell him, Verochka," he went on, as he presented the doctor to his wife --"I tell him that he has no human right to sit at home in a hospital; he ought to devote his leisure to society. Oughtn't he, darling?"
"Sit here," said Vera Iosifovna, making her visitor sit down beside her. "You can dance attendance on me. My husband is jealous -- he is an Othello; but we will try and behave so well that he will notice nothing." (chapter I)
In Shakespeare's tragedy Othello Iago is Othello's adjutant. Duchess of Payn, of Great Payn and Mone, Queen Disa (the wife of Charles the Beloved) seems to be a cross between Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Othello's wife Desdemona. One of Chekhov’s humorous stories is entitled Deputat, ili povest' o tom, kak u Dezdemonova 25 rubley propalo (“The Deputy, or the Tale of How Desdemonov Lost 25 Rubles,” 1883).
Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide on October 19, 1959 (the anniversary of Pushkin’s Lyceum). In a letter of Oct. 9, 1888, to Mme Lintvaryov Chekhov (who just received the Pushkin Prize, 500 rubles) says that the prize award will be officially announced at the Academy on October 19:
Получил я известие, что Академия наук присудила мне Пушкинскую премию в 500 р. Это, должно быть, известно уже Вам из газетных телеграмм. Официально объявят об этом 19-го октября в публичном заседании Академии с подобающей случаю классической торжественностью. Это, должно быть, за то, что я раков ловил.
Премия, телеграммы, поздравления, приятели, актёры, актрисы, пьесы — всё это выбило меня из колеи. Прошлое туманится в голове, я ошалел; тина и чертовщина городской, литераторской суеты охватывают меня, как спрут-осьминог. Всё пропало! Прощай лето, прощайте раки, рыба, остроносые челноки, прощай моя лень, прощай голубенький костюмчик.
Прощай, покой, прости, мое довольство!
Всё, всё прости! Прости, мой ржущий конь,
И звук трубы, и грохот барабана,
И флейты свист, и царственное знамя,
Все почести, вся слава, всё величье
И бурные тревоги славных войн!
Простите вы, смертельные орудья,
Которых гул несется по земле,
Как грозный гром бессмертного Зевеса!
Если когда-нибудь страстная любовь выбивала Вас из прошлого и настоящего, то то же самое почти я чувствую теперь. Ах, нехорошо всё это, доктор, нехорошо! Уж коли стал стихи цитировать, то, стало быть, нехорошо!
Chekhov quotes Othello’s speech in Shakespeare’s play (3.3) in Veynberg’s translation:
Farewell the tranquil mind! farewell content!
Farewell the plumed troop, and the big wars,
That make ambition virtue! O, farewell!
Farewell the neighing steed, and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war!
And, O you mortal engines, whose rude throats
The immortal Jove's dead clamours counterfeit,
Farewell!
In the next scene (3.4) of Shakespeare's tragedy Othello mentions a two-hundred-year-old Egyptian sibyl who gave his mother a magic handkerchief:
'Tis true. There’s magic in the web of it.
A sibyl, that had numbered in the world
The sun to course two hundred compasses,
In her prophetic fury sewed the work.
The worms were hallowed that did breed the silk,
And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful
Conserved of maidens' hearts.
Iago asks his wife Emilia to steal the handkerchief. Queen Disa and Sybil Shade (the poet’s wife) seem to be one and the same person whose “real” name is Sofia Botkin (born Lastochkin). Lastochka means “swallow.” Kinbote calls Shade’s wife “Sybil Swallow:”
John Shade and Sybil Swallow (see note to line 247) were married in 1919, exactly three decades before King Charles wed Disa, Duchess of Payn. (note to Line 275)
The "real" name of Hazel Shade (the poet's daughter) seems to be Nadezhda Botkin. Nadezhda is the heroine's name in Chekhov's last story Nevesta ("The Betrothed," 1903). Nadezhda means "hope." In Shakespeare’s history play Richard III Richmond says that true hope is swift and flies with swallow’s wings:
True hope is swift, and flies with swallow’s wings.
Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures kings. (Act V, scene 2)
In a letter of June 11, 1831, to Vyazemski Pushkin asks Vyazemski if Sofia Karamzin reigns on the saddle and quotes King Richard's famous words at the end of Shakespeare’s play (5.4):
Что Софья Николаевна? царствует на седле? A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!
“A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!” is the epigraph to Vyazemski's poem Progulka v stepi ("A Ride in the Steppe," 1831). Chekhov was awarded the Pushkin Prize for his story Step’ (“The Steppe,” 1888).
The surname Gusev comes from gus' (goose). In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (2.4) Mercutio mentions the (now proverbial) wild-goose chase:
“Nay, if thy wits run the wild-goose chase, I have done, for thou hast more of the wild-goose in one of thy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five.”
In Chekhov’s story To byla ona! (“It was She!” 1886) Colonel Vyvertov (a comedy name, “Mr. Eccentric”) paraphrases Hamlet’s words in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, “forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum:”
— Вы не боитесь привидений? — спросил управляющий, вводя меня в небольшую комнату, прилегающую к громадной пустой зале, полной холода и потемок.
— А разве тут есть привидения? — спросил я, слушая, как глухое эхо повторяет мои слова и шаги.
— Не знаю, — засмеялся поляк, — но мне кажется, что это место самое подходящее для привидений и нечистых духов.
Я хорошо заложил за галстук и был пьян, как сорок тысяч сапожников, но, признаться, от таких слов меня обдало холодком. Чёрт побери, лучше сотня черкесов, чем одно привидение! Но делать было нечего, я разделся и лег... Моя свечка освещала стены еле-еле, а на стенах, можете себе представить, портреты предков, один страшнее другого, старинное оружие, охотничьи рога и прочая фантасмагория... Тишина стояла, как в могиле, только в соседней зале шуршали мыши и потрескивала рассохшаяся мебель. А за окном творилось что-то адское... Ветер отпевал кого-то, деревья гнулись с воем и плачем; какая-то чертовщинка, должно быть, ставня, жалобно скрипела и стучала по оконной раме. Прибавьте ко всему этому, что у меня кружилась голова, а с головой и весь мир... Когда я закрывал глаза, мне казалось, что моя кровать носилась по всему пустому дому и играла в чехарду с духами. Чтобы уменьшить свой страх, я первым долгом потушил свечу, так как пустующие комнаты при свете гораздо страшней, чем в потемках...»
According to Colonel Vyvertov, he (then a young adjutant in Poland) was drunk as forty thousand cobblers.
Chekhov’s letter of Nov. 24, 1887, to “dearest Gusev” (as Chekhov calls his brother Alexander), in which the writer describes the unexpected success of his play Ivanov, is signed "Schiller Shakespearovich Goethe."
The opening lines of Goethe’s Erlkönig, Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind? / Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind (Who's riding so late through night and wind / It is the father with his child), are a leitmotif in Pale Fire.