In his Foreword to Shade’s poem Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade’s mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla) describes Shade destroying his drafts and mentions the wind-borne black butterflies of that backyard auto-da-fé:
This batch of eighty cards was held by a rubber band which I now religiously put back after examining for the last time their precious contents. Another, much thinner, set of a dozen cards, clipped together and enclosed in the same manila envelope as the main batch, bears some additional couplets running their brief and sometimes smudgy course among a chaos of first drafts. As a rule, Shade destroyed drafts the moment he ceased to need them: well do I recall seeing him from my porch, on a brilliant morning, burning a whole stack of them in the pale fire of the incinerator before which he stood with bent head like an official mourner among the wind-borne black butterflies of that backyard auto-da-fé. But he saved those twelve cards because of the unused felicities shining among the dross of used draftings. Perhaps, he vaguely expected to replace certain passages in the Fair Copy with some of the lovely rejections in his files, or, more probably, a sneaking fondness for this or that vignette, suppressed out of architectonic considerations, or because it had annoyed Mrs. S., urged him to put off its disposal till the time when the marble finality of an immaculate typescript would have confirmed it or made the most delightful variant seem cumbersome and impure. And perhaps, let me add in all modesty, he intended to ask my advice after reading his poem to me as I know he planned to do.
In the first stanza of his poem Moy al’bom, gde strast’ skvozit bez mery… (“My album where excessive passion shows through,” 1918) Gumilyov says that his album was saved from auto-da-fé by a wondrous protection of Venus:
Мой альбом, где страсть сквозит без меры
В каждой мной отточенной строфе,
Дивным покровительством Венеры
Спасся он от ауто-да-фэ.
The Roman Goddess of love, Venus is also a planet. In “a dazzling synthesis of sun and star” (as in line 184 of his poem Shade calls the little scissors with which he pares his fingernails) star seems to be the planet Venus (the shy star of love eclipsed by the sun of marriage). Na dalyokoy zvezde Venere… (“On the distant star Venus,” 1921) is believed to be Gumilyov’s last poem. Budem kak solntse (“Let’s be Like the Sun,” 1903) is a collection of poetry by Balmont. In Mirovoe prichastie (“Universal Communion”), the second poem in the cycle Troystvennost’ dvukh (“Triplicity of the Two,” 1905), Balmont says that Flaubert anticipated us:
L’idée pure, l'infini…Flaubert.
«L’idée pure, l’infini, j’y aspire, il m’attire»…
О, искавший Флобер, ты предчувствовал нас.
Мы и ночи и дни устремляемся в Мир,
Мы в Бездонности ждём отвечающих глаз…
In his novel Madame Bovary (1857) Flaubert describes Emma’s bridal bouquet and mentions papillons noirs (black butterflies):
Un jour qu'en prévision de son départ elle faisait des rangements dans un tiroir, elle se piqua les doigts à quelque chose. C'était un fil de fer de son bouquet de mariage. Les boutons d'oranger étaient jaunes de poussière, et les rubans de satin, à liséré d'argent, s'effiloquaient par le bord. Elle le jeta dans le feu. Il s'enflamma plus vite qu'une paille sèche. Puis ce fut comme un buisson rouge sur les cendres, et qui se rongeait lentement. Elle le regarda brûler. Les petites baies de carton éclataient, les fils d'archal se tordaient, le galon se fondait ; et les corolles de papier, racornies, se balançant le long de la plaque comme des papillons noirs, enfin s'envolèrent dans la cheminée.
Quand on partit de Tostes, au mois de mars, Mme Bovary était enceinte.
One day when, in view of her departure, she was tidying a drawer, something pricked her finger. It was a wire of her wedding bouquet. The orange blossoms were yellow with dust and the silver bordered satin ribbons frayed at the edges. She threw it into the fire. It flared up more quickly than dry straw. Then it was, like a red bush in the cinders, slowly devoured. She watched it burn. The little pasteboard berries burst, the wire twisted, the gold lace melted; and the shriveled paper corollas, fluttering like black butterflies at the back of the stove, at lest flew up the chimney.
When they left Tostes at the month of March, Madame Bovary was pregnant. (Part I, Chapter 9)
In Vozrozhdenie (“Revival”), the first poem in the cycle “Triplicity of the Two,” Balmont speaks about Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde:
Strange case of Dr. Jekill and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson.
Возвращение к жизни, и первый сознательный взгляд.
— «Мистер Хайд, или Джикиль?» два голоса мне говорят.
Почему ж это «Или»? я их вопрошаю в ответ.
Разве места обоим в душе зачарованной нет?
Где есть день, там и ночь. Где есть мрак, там и свет есть всегда.
Если двое есть в Мире, есть в Мире любовь и вражда.
И любовь ли вражду победила, вражда ли царит,
Победителю скучно, и новое солнце горит.
Догорит, и погаснет, поборется с тьмою — и ночь.
Тут уж что же мне делать, могу ли я Миру помочь,
Ничего, Доктор Джикиль, ты мудрый, ты добрый, ты врач,
Потерпи, раз ты Доктор, что есть Мистер Хайд, и не плачь.
Да и ты, Мистер Хайд, если в прятки играешь, играй,
А уж раз проигрался, прощай — или вновь начинай.
И довольно мне слов. Уходите. Я с вами молчу.
— О, начало, о, жизнь, неизвестность, тебя я хочу!
Describing his quarrel with Lolita, Humbert Humbert (the narrator and main character in VN’s novel Lolita, 1955) compares himself to Mr. Hyde (a character in R. L. Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1886):
With people in movies I seem to share the services of the machina telephonica and its sudden god. This time it was an irate neighbor. The east window happened to be agape in the living room, with the blind mercifully down, however; and behind it the damp black night of a sour New England spring had been breathlessly listening to us. I had always thought that type of haddocky spinster with the obscene mind was the result of considerable literary inbreeding in modern fiction; but now I am convinced that prude and prurient Miss East – or to explode her incognito, Miss Finton Lebone – had been probably protruding three-quarter-way from her bedroom window as she strove to catch the gist of our quarrel.
“…This racket… lacks all sense of…” quacked the receiver, “we do not live in a tenement here. I must emphatically…”
I apologized for my daughter’s friends being so loud. Young people, you know - and cradled the next quack and a half.
Downstairs the screen door banged. Lo? Escaped?
Through the casement on the stairs I saw a small impetuous ghost slip through the shrubs; a silvery dot in the dark - hub of bicycle wheel - moved, shivered, and she was gone.
It so happened that the car was spending the night in a repair shop downtown. I had no other alternative than to pursue on foot the winged fugitive. Even now, after more than three years have heaved and elapsed, I cannot visualize that spring-night street, that already so leafy street, without a gasp of panic. Before their lighted porch Miss Lester was promenading Miss Fabian's dropsical dackel. Mr. Hyde almost knocked it over. Walk three steps and run three. A tepid rain started to drum on the chestnut leaves. At the next corner, pressing Lolita against an iron railing, a blurred youth held and kissed - no, not her, mistake. My talons still tingling, I flew on. (2.14)
In Stevenson’s fairy tale a well respected, middle aged doctor whose hobby is chemistry (carried out in a laboratory at the back of his house), Dr. Jekyll discovers a chemical combination that releases an alternative personality, his baser side: “Mr. Hyde.” Humbert’s landlord, Professor Chem, teaches chemistry at Beardsley College:
I really did not mind where to dwell provided I could lock my Lolita up somewhere; but I had, I suppose, in the course of my correspondence with vague Gaston, vaguely visualized a house of ivied brick. Actually the place bore a dejected resemblance to the Haze home (a mere 400 miles distant): it was the same sort of dull gray frame affair with a shingled roof and dull green drill awnings; and the rooms, though smaller and furnished in a more consistent plush-and-plate style, were arranged in much the same order. My study turned out to be, however, a much larger room, lined from floor to ceiling with some two thousand books on chemistry which my landlord (on sabbatical leave for the time being) taught at Beardsley College. (2.4)
In his postscript to Lolita, “On a Book Entitled Lolita” (1956), VN says that he nearly burnt his novel:
The book developed slowly, with many interruptions and asides. It had taken me some forty years to invent Russia and Western Europe, and now I was faced by the task of inventing America. The obtaining of such local ingredients as would allow me to inject a modicum of average “reality” (one of the few words which mean nothing without quotes) into the brew of individual fancy, proved at fifty a much more difficult process than it had been in the Europe of my youth when receptiveness and retention were at their automatic best. Other books intervened. Once or twice I was on the point of burning the unfinished draft and had carried my Juanita Dark as far as the shadow of the leaning incinerator on the innocent lawn, when I was stopped by the thought that the ghost of the destroyed book would haunt my files for the rest of my life.
In his Cornell lecture on R. L. Stevenson VN points out that in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde there are really three personalities: Jekyll, Hyde and a third, the Jekyll residue when Hyde takes over. Shade’s birthday, July 5, is also Kinbote’s and Gradus’ birthday (while Shade was born in 1898, Kinbote and Gradus were born in 1915). The poet Shade, his commentator Kinbote and his murderer Gradus seem to represent three different aspects of Botkin’s personality. An American scholar of Russian descent, Professor Vsevolod Botkin went mad and became Shade, Kinbote and Gradus after the tragic death of his daughter Nadezhda (Hazel Shade’s “real” name). Nadezhda means “hope.” There is a hope that, when Kinbote completes his work on Shade’s poem and commits suicide (on Oct. 19, 1959, the anniversary of Pushkin’s Lyceum), Botkin, like Count Vorontsov (a target of Pushkin’s epigrams, “half-milord, half-merchant, etc.”), will be full again.