Describing his journey with Lucette (Van’s and Ada’s half-sister) on Admiral Tobakoff, Van Veen (the narrator and main character in VN’s novel Ada, 1969) mentions the Helmeted Angel of the Yukonsk Ikon whose magic effect was said to change anemic blond maidens into konskie deti, freckled red-haired lads, children of the Sun Horse:
To most of the Tobakoff’s first-class passengers the afternoon of June 4, 1901, in the Atlantic, on the meridian of Iceland and the latitude of Ardis, seemed little conducive to open air frolics: the fervor of its cobalt sky kept being cut by glacial gusts, and the wash of an old-fashioned swimming pool rhythmically flushed the green tiles, but Lucette was a hardy girl used to bracing winds no less than to the detestable sun. Spring in Fialta and a torrid May on Minataor, the famous artificial island, had given a nectarine hue to her limbs, which looked lacquered with it when wet, but re-evolved their natural bloom as the breeze dried her skin. With glowing cheekbones and that glint of copper showing from under her tight rubber cap on nape and forehead, she evoked the Helmeted Angel of the Yukonsk Ikon whose magic effect was said to change anemic blond maidens into konskie deti, freckled red-haired lads, children of the Sun Horse. (3.5)
In his unfinished poem Oro (1934) written in a Siberian labor camp Pavel Florenski, the author of Ikonostas (“Iconostasis,” 1922), mentions Pad’ Konskaya (a place name, “the Horse Gully”):
Где Тында, иль Туман, бежит
Селип, Ольдой, иль Муртетит,
Падь Конская, где Имачи
Журчат — кипящие Ключи —
Зимой и летом, ночью, днем,
И по траве и подо льдом
(Так бьешься, сердце, верно, ты),
Где в недрах вечной мерзлоты,
Как меж тоскливых тусклых туч,
Мерцает огустелый луч,—
По орочонским здесь тропам
Взнестись наверх намерен БАМ. (II)
In the Foreword to his poem (and in the poem itself) Florenski explains that Oro (the boy’s name) means Olen’ (“Deer”), the sacred animal of the Orochons (a Tungus tribe):
Мальчика, когда он родился, называют Оро, т. е. Олень, именем священного животного орочон.
Родился мальчик слаб и хил.
В крещенье назван Михаил.
Но именем мирским Оро
Отец назвал его. Старо
То имя. Смысл его — Олень. (VI)
In Chekhov’s story Palata No. 6 (“Ward Six,” 1892) the hero sees stado oleney (a heard of deer) before his death. In a letter of Nov. 25, 1892, to Suvorin Chekhov compares his story “Ward Six” to lemonade and says that the works of contemporary artists lack the alcohol that would intoxicate the reader/viewer:
Вас нетрудно понять, и Вы напрасно браните себя за то, что неясно выражаетесь. Вы горький пьяница, а я угостил Вас сладким лимонадом, и Вы, отдавая должное лимонаду, справедливо замечаете, что в нем нет спирта. В наших произведениях нет именно алкоголя, который бы пьянил и порабощал, и это Вы хорошо даете попять. Отчего нет? Оставляя в стороне "Палату No 6" и меня самого, будем говорить вообще, ибо это интересней. Будем говорить об общих причинах, коли Вам не скучно, и давайте захватим целую эпоху. Скажите по совести, кто из моих сверстников, т. е. людей в возрасте 30--45 лет, дал миру хотя одну каплю алкоголя? Разве Короленко, Надсон и все нынешние драматурги не лимонад? Разве картины Репина или Шишкина кружили Вам голову? Мило, талантливо, Вы восхищаетесь и в то же время никак не можете забыть, что Вам хочется курить. Наука и техника переживают теперь великое время, для нашего же брата это время рыхлое, кислое, скучное, сами мы кислы и скучны, умеем рождать только гуттаперчевых мальчиков, и не видит этого только Стасов, которому природа дала редкую способность пьянеть даже от помоев. Причины тут не в глупости нашей, не в бездарности и не в наглости, как думает Буренин, а в болезни, которая для художника хуже сифилиса и полового истощения. У нас нет "чего-то", это справедливо, и это значит, что поднимите подол нашей музе, и Вы увидите там плоское место. Вспомните, что писатели, которых мы называем вечными или просто хорошими и которые пьянят нас, имеют один общий и весьма важный признак: они куда-то идут и Вас зовут туда же, и Вы чувствуете не умом, а всем своим существом, что у них есть какая-то цель, как у тени отца Гамлета, которая недаром приходила и тревожила воображение. У одних, смотря по калибру, цели ближайшие -- крепостное право, освобождение родины, политика, красота или просто водка, как у Дениса Давыдова, у других цели отдалённые -- бог, загробная жизнь, счастье человечества и т. п. Лучшие из них реальны и пишут жизнь такою, какая она есть, но оттого, что каждая строчка пропитана, как соком, сознанием цели, Вы, кроме жизни, какая есть, чувствуете ещё ту жизнь, какая должна быть, и это пленяет Вас.
It is easy to understand you, and there is no need for you to abuse yourself for obscurity of expression. You are a hard drinker, and I have regaled you with sweet lemonade, and you, after giving the lemonade its due, justly observe that there is no spirit in it. That is just what is lacking in our productions—the alcohol which could intoxicate and subjugate, and you state that very well. Why not? Putting aside "Ward No. 6" and myself, let us discuss the matter in general, for that is more interesting. Let ms discuss the general causes, if that won't bore you, and let us include the whole age. Tell me honestly, who of my contemporaries—that is, men between thirty and forty-five—have given the world one single drop of alcohol? Are not Korolenko, Nadson, and all the playwrights of to-day, lemonade? Have Repin's or Shishkin's pictures turned your head? Charming, talented, you are enthusiastic; but at the same time you can't forget that you want to smoke. Science and technical knowledge are passing through a great period now, but for our sort it is a flabby, stale, and dull time. We are stale and dull ourselves, we can only beget gutta-percha boys, and the only person who does not see that is Stasov, to whom nature has given a rare faculty for getting drunk on slops. The causes of this are not to be found in our stupidity, our lack of talent, or our insolence, as Burenin imagines, but in a disease which for the artist is worse than syphilis or sexual exhaustion. We lack "something," that is true, and that means that, lift the robe of our muse, and you will find within an empty void. Let me remind you that the writers, who we say are for all time or are simply good, and who intoxicate us, have one common and very important characteristic; they are going towards something and are summoning you towards it, too, and you feel not with your mind, but with your whole being, that they have some object, just like the ghost of Hamlet's father, who did not come and disturb the imagination for nothing. Some have more immediate objects—the abolition of serfdom, the liberation of their country, politics, beauty, or simply vodka, like Denis Davydov; others have remote objects—God, life beyond the grave, the happiness of humanity, and so on. The best of them are realists and paint life as it is, but, through every line's being soaked in the consciousness of an object, you feel, besides life as it is, the life which ought to be, and that captivates you.
There is Oro in dorophone (hydraulic telephone, a gadget in use on Antiterra after the ban of electricity as a result of the L disaster in the middle of the 19th century) and in Korolenko (a writer who was exiled to Yakutia in 1881, because he refused to swear allegiance to the new Russian Tsar Alexander III, the act that some political prisoners and exiles were demanded to perform, after the assassination of Alexander II). In Spanish, oro means "gold" and palabra means "word." Van, Ada and their half-sister Lucette are the great-grandchildren of Prince Peter Zemski, Governor of Bras d’Or:
Van’s maternal grandmother Daria (‘Dolly’) Durmanov was the daughter of Prince Peter Zemski, Governor of Bras d’Or, an American province in the Northeast of our great and variegated country, who had married, in 1824, Mary O’Reilly, an Irish woman of fashion. Dolly, an only child, born in Bras, married in 1840, at the tender and wayward age of fifteen, General Ivan Durmanov, Commander of Yukon Fortress and peaceful country gentleman, with lands in the Severn Tories (Severnïya Territorii), that tesselated protectorate still lovingly called ‘Russian’ Estoty, which commingles, granoblastically and organically, with ‘Russian’ Canady, otherwise ‘French’ Estoty, where not only French, but Macedonian and Bavarian settlers enjoy a halcyon climate under our Stars and Stripes.
The Durmanovs’ favorite domain, however, was Raduga near the burg of that name, beyond Estotiland proper, in the Atlantic panel of the continent between elegant Kaluga, New Cheshire, U.S.A., and no less elegant Ladoga, Mayne, where they had their town house and where their three children were born: a son, who died young and famous, and a pair of difficult female twins. Dolly had inherited her mother's beauty and temper but also an older ancestral strain of whimsical, and not seldom deplorable, taste, well reflected, for instance, in the names she gave her daughters: Aqua and Marina ('Why not Tofana?' wondered the good and sur-royally antlered general with a controlled belly laugh, followed by a small closing cough of feigned detachment - he dreaded his wife's flares). (1.1)
Darkbloom (‘Notes to Ada’): Severnïya Territorii: Northern Territories. Here and elsewhere transliteration is based on the old Russian orthography.
granoblastically: in a tesselar (mosaic) jumble.
Tofana: allusion to 'aqua tofana' (see any good dictionary).
sur-royally: fully antlered, with terminal prongs.
Aqua tofana was a strong poison that was reputedly widely used in Naples and Rome. In his memoirs Moim detyam. Vospominaniya proshlykh let ("To my Children. Reminiscences of the Past Years") Florenski (whose name comes from Florence) says that, when he was a child, the word yad (poison) seemed magical to him:
Яды. С детства, самого глубокого, слово «яд» меня особенно манило, даже тогда, когда я не понимал его значения. Самый звук этого слова, «яд», самое написание
яд,
да и вообще буква «я», особенно в ее произношении
ja,
казались какими-то вкрадчивыми, сладковатыми, коварными, разрушительными, но разрушительными таинственно, без физических причин, словно магически. Да, яд я воспринимал как некую магию, естественную, м[ожет] б[ыть], но в своей определенности, в своей неизбежности, в неукоснительности и неотвратимости своего действия особенно таинственную и поэтому особенно льстивую, особенно манящую, обещающую особенные сладостно-жгучие волнения. (1. VI. 1919)
The twin sister of Van's, Ada's and Lucette's mother Marina, Aqua went mad because she was poisoned by Marina. "My sister's sister who teper' iz ada (now is out of hell)," as Aqua (who committed suicide by taking poison) signed her last note, brings to mind Brat moego brata (My brother's brother), as Chekhov signed his story Zhenshchina s tochki zreniya p'yanitsy ("Woman as Seen by a Drunkard," 1885).
Bras d’Or (“Golden Arm”) is a Hennessy cognac. In his Vospominaniya o Rossii (“Reminiscences of Russia,” 1959) Leonid Sabaneyev (a music critic whose father, a zoologist, was a personal friend of Alexander III) says that Alexander III harmed his health by drinking too much cognac. In his reply to Prince Vyazemski Count Tolstoy the American (who participated in Kruzenshtern’s round-the-world expedition and was dumped for insubordination on the Rat Island) says that he is more familiar with cognac than with Condillac (a French philosopher, 1715-80):
Ценю Вольтера остроту:
Подобен ум его Протею;
Талант женевца — прямоту,
Подчас о бедняках жалею.
Благоговею духом я
Пред важным мужем Кондильяком…
Скажу, морочить не любя:
Я более знаком с коньяком!
In his epistle Tolstomu ("To Tolstoy," 1818) Vyazemski mentions Condillac:
Ты знаешь цену Кондильяку,
В Вольтере любишь шуток дар
И платишь сердцем дань Жан-Жаку
You know the worth of Condillac,
you love in Voltaire his gift of jokes
and with your heart you give Jean Jacques his due.
At the beginning of his poem Vyazemski says that myatezhnykh sklonnostey durman (the drug of rebellious inclinations) hurls Tolstoy iz raya v ad, iz ada v ray (from paradise to hell, from hell to paradise):
Американец и цыган,
На свете нравственном загадка,
Которого, как лихорадка,
Мятежных склонностей дурман
Или страстей кипящих схватка
Всегда из края мечет в край,
Из рая в ад, из ада в рай!
The surname Durmanov comes from durman (drug, intoxicant; thorn-apple). Prince Pyotr Vyazemski (1792-1878) was "an Irishman on his mother's side (O'Reilly)." (EO Commentary, vol. II, p. 27)
Count Tolstoy the American was a bretteur who killed eleven people in duels. There are in Ada eleven main characters:
1 Van Veen
2 Ada Veen
3 Lucette Veen
4 Demon Veen
5 Marina Durmanov
6 Aqua Durmanov
7 Daniel Veen (Uncle Dan)
8 Andrey Vinelander (Ada’s husband)
9 Dorothy Vinelander (Ada’s sister-in-law)
10 Ronald Oranger (Ada’s grandson, the editor of Ada)
11 Violet Knox (Ada’s granddaughter who marries Ronald Oranger after Van’s and Ada’s death)
Demon Veen's adversary in a sword duel, Baron d’Onsky (Skonky) seems to be a cross between Dmitri Donskoy, the Moscow Prince who defeated Khan Mamay in the battle of Kulikovo (1380), and Onegin’s donskoy zherebets (Don stallion) mentioned by Pushkin in Chapter Two (V: 4) of Eugene Onegin:
Сначала все к нему езжали;
Но так как с заднего крыльца
Обыкновенно подавали
Ему донского жеребца,
Лишь только вдоль большой дороги
Заслышат их домашни дроги, —
Поступком оскорбясь таким,
Все дружбу прекратили с ним.
«Сосед наш неуч; сумасбродит;
Он фармазон; он пьет одно
Стаканом красное вино;
Он дамам к ручке не подходит;
Все да да нет; не скажет да-с
Иль нет-с». Таков был общий глас.
At first they all would call on him,
but since to the back porch
habitually a Don stallion
for him was brought
as soon as one made out along the highway
the sound of their domestic runabouts —
outraged by such behavior,
they all ceased to be friends with him.
“Our neighbor is a boor; acts like a crackbrain;
he's a Freemason; he
drinks only red wine, by the tumbler;
he won't go up to kiss a lady's hand;
'tis all ‘yes,’ ‘no’ — he'll not say ‘yes, sir,’
or ‘no, sir.’ ” This was the general voice.
One of the seconds in Demon's duel with d'Onsky is Colonel St Alin, a scoundrel:
Upon being questioned in Demon’s dungeon, Marina, laughing trillingly, wove a picturesque tissue of lies; then broke down, and confessed. She swore that all was over; that the Baron, a physical wreck and a spiritual Samurai, had gone to Japan forever. From a more reliable source Demon learned that the Samurai’s real destination was smart little Vatican, a Roman spa, whence he was to return to Aardvark, Massa, in a week or so. Since prudent Veen preferred killing his man in Europe (decrepit but indestructible Gamaliel was said to be doing his best to forbid duels in the Western Hemisphere — a canard or an idealistic President’s instant-coffee caprice, for nothing was to come of it after all), Demon rented the fastest petroloplane available, overtook the Baron (looking very fit) in Nice, saw him enter Gunter’s Bookshop, went in after him, and in the presence of the imperturbable and rather bored English shopkeeper, back-slapped the astonished Baron across the face with a lavender glove. The challenge was accepted; two native seconds were chosen; the Baron plumped for swords; and after a certain amount of good blood (Polish and Irish — a kind of American ‘Gory Mary’ in barroom parlance) had bespattered two hairy torsoes, the whitewashed terrace, the flight of steps leading backward to the walled garden in an amusing Douglas d’Artagnan arrangement, the apron of a quite accidental milkmaid, and the shirtsleeves of both seconds, charming Monsieur de Pastrouil and Colonel St Alin, a scoundrel, the latter gentlemen separated the panting combatants, and Skonky died, not ‘of his wounds’ (as it was viciously rumored) but of a gangrenous afterthought on the part of the least of them, possibly self-inflicted, a sting in the groin, which caused circulatory trouble, notwithstanding quite a few surgical interventions during two or three years of protracted stays at the Aardvark Hospital in Boston — a city where, incidentally, he married in 1869 our friend the Bohemian lady, now keeper of Glass Biota at the local museum. (1.2)
Darkbloom (‘Notes to Ada’): Aardvark: apparently, a university town in New England.
Gamaliel: a much more fortunate statesman than our W.G. Harding.
Gunter is the Russian spelling of “hunter,” a horse breed mentioned in Tobias Smollett’s novel The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751):
Preparations are made for the Commodore's Wedding, which is delayed by an Accident that hurried him the Lord knows whither.
The fame of this extraordinary conjunction spread all over the county; and, on the day appointed for their spousals, the church was surrounded by an inconceivable multitude. The commodore, to give a specimen of his gallantry, by the advice of his friend Hatchway, resolved to appear on horseback on the grand occasion, at the head of all his male attendants, whom he had rigged with the white shirts and black caps formerly belonging to his barge's crew; and he bought a couple of hunters for the accommodation of himself and his lieutenant. With this equipage, then, he set out from the garrison for the church, after having despatched a messenger to apprise the bride that he and his company were mounted. She got immediately into the coach, accompanied by her brother and his wife, and drove directly to the place of assignation, where several pews were demolished, and divers persons almost pressed to death, by the eagerness of the crowd that broke in to see the ceremony performed. Thus arrived at the altar, and the priest in attendance, they waited a whole half-hour for the commodore, at whose slowness they began to be under some apprehension, and accordingly dismissed a servant to quicken his pace. The valet having ridden something more than a mile, espied the whole troop disposed in a long field, crossing the road obliquely, and headed by the bridegroom and his friend Hatchway, who, finding himself hindered by a hedge from proceeding farther in the same direction, fired a pistol, and stood over to the other side, making an obtuse angle with the line of his former course; and the rest of the squadron followed his example, keeping always in the rear of each other, like a flight of wild geese. (Chapter VIII)
The novel’s hero is the son of Gamaliel Pickle, esq.:
An Account of Mr. Gamaliel Pickle—The Disposition of his Sister described—He yields to her Solicitations, and returns to the Country.
In a certain county of England, bounded on one side by the sea, and at the distance of one hundred miles from the metropolis, lived Gamaliel Pickle, esq.; the father of that hero whose fortunes we propose to record. He was the son of a merchant in London, who, like Rome, from small beginnings had raised himself to the highest honours of the city, and acquired a plentiful fortune, though, to his infinite regret, he died before it amounted to a plum, conjuring his son, as he respected the last injunction of a parent, to imitate his industry, and adhere to his maxims, until he should have made up the deficiency, which was a sum considerably less than fifteen thousand pounds. (Chapter I)