According to Kinbote (in VN’s novel Pale Fire, 1962, Shade's mad commentator who imagines that he is Charles the Beloved, the last self-exiled king of Zembla), at one time young Gradus (Shade's murderer) studied pharmacology in Zurich, and at another, traveled to misty vineyards as an itinerant wine taster:
By an extraordinary coincidence (inherent perhaps in the contrapuntal nature of Shade's art) our poet seems to name here (gradual, gray) a man, whom he was to see for one fatal moment three weeks later, but of whose existence at the time (July 2) he could not have known. Jakob Gradus called himself variously Jack Degree or Jacques de Grey, or James de Gray, and also appears in police records as Ravus, Ravenstone, and d'Argus. Having a morbid affection for the ruddy Russia of the Soviet era, he contended that the real origin of his name should be sought in the Russian word for grape, vinograd, to which a Latin suffix had adhered, making it Vinogradus. His father, Martin Gradus, had been a Protestant minister in Riga, but except for him and a maternal uncle (Roman Tselovalnikov, police officer and part-time member of the Social-Revolutionary party), the whole clan seems to have been in the liquor business. Martin Gradus died in 1920, and his widow moved to Strasbourg where she soon died, too. Another Gradus, an Alsatian merchant, who oddly enough was totally unrelated to our killer but had been a close business friend of his kinsmen for years, adopted the boy and raised him with his own children. It would seem that at one time young Gradus studied pharmacology in Zurich, and at another, traveled to misty vineyards as an itinerant wine taster. We find him next engaging in petty subversive activities - printing peevish pamphlets, acting as messenger for obscure syndicalist groups, organizing strikes at glass factories, and that sort of thing. Sometime in the forties he came to Zembla as a brandy salesman. There he married a publican's daughter. His connection with the Extremist party dates from its first ugly writhings, and when the revolution broke out, his modest organizational gifts found some appreciation in various offices. His departure for Western Europe, with a sordid purpose in his heart and a loaded gun in his pocket, took place on the very day that an innocent poet in an innocent land was beginning Canto Two of Pale Fire. We shall accompany Gradus in constant thought, as he makes his way from distant dim Zembla to green Appalachia, through the entire length of the poem, following the road of its rhythm, riding past in a rhyme, skidding around the corner of a run-on, breathing with the caesura, swinging down to the foot of the page from line to line as from branch to branch, hiding between two words (see note to line 596), reappearing on the horizon of a new canto, steadily marching nearer in iambic motion, crossing streets, moving up with his valise on the escalator of the pentameter, stepping off, boarding a new train of thought, entering the hall of a hotel, putting out the bedlight, while Shade blots out a word, and falling asleep as the poet lays down his pen for the night. (note to Line 17)
Misty vineyards bring to mind misty Germany mentioned by Pushkin in Chapter Two (VI: 9) of Eugene Onegin:
В свою деревню в ту же пору
Помещик новый прискакал
И столь же строгому разбору
В соседстве повод подавал:
По имени Владимир Ленской,
С душою прямо геттингенской,
Красавец, в полном цвете лет,
Поклонник Канта и поэт.
Он из Германии туманной
Привез учености плоды:
Вольнолюбивые мечты,
Дух пылкий и довольно странный,
Всегда восторженную речь
И кудри черные до плеч.
At that same time a new landowner
had driven down to his estate
and in the neighborhood was giving cause
for just as strict a scrutiny.
By name Vladimir Lenski,
with a soul really Göttingenian,
a handsome chap, in the full bloom of years,
Kant's votary, and a poet.
From misty Germany
he'd brought the fruits of learning:
liberty-loving dreams, a spirit
impetuous and rather queer,
a speech always enthusiastic,
and shoulder-length black curls.
In 1917 Vladimir Lenin famously travelled in a 'sealed railway carriage' from Zurich, via war-time Germany, to Petrograd (St. Petersburg's name in 1914-24). In 1924, a few days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. In his Commentary Kinbote mockingly calls Gradus "Vinogradus" and "Leningradus:"
All this is as it should be; the world needs Gradus. But Gradus should not kill things. Vinogradus should never, never provoke God. Leningradus should not aim his peashooter at people even in dreams, because if he does, a pair of colossally thick, abnormally hairy arms will hug him from behind and squeeze, squeeze, squeeze. (note to Line 171)
and points out that Leningrad used to be Petrograd:
We all know those dreams in which something Stygian soaks through and Lethe leaks in the dreary terms of defective plumbing. Following this line, there is a false start preserved in the draft—and I hope the reader will feel something of the chill that ran down my long and supple spine when I discovered this variant:
Should the dead murderer try to embrace
His outraged victim whom he now must face?
Do objects have a soul? Or perish must
Alike great temples and Tanagra dust?
The last syllable of “Tanagra” and the first three letters of “dust” form the name of the murderer whose shargar (puny ghost) the radiant spirit of our poet was soon to face. “Simple chance!” the pedestrian reader may cry. But let him try to see, as I have tried to see, how many such combinations are possible and plausible. “Leningrad used to be Petrograd?” “A prig rad (obs. past tense of read) us?”
This variant is so prodigious that only scholarly discipline and a scrupulous regard for the truth prevented me from inserting it here, and deleting four lines elsewhere (for example, the weak lines 627-630) so as to preserve the length of the poem. (note to Line 596)
Lenin lived in Zurich (at Spiegelstraße 14; Spiegel is German for "mirror") from February 1916 until April 2, 1917, and is said to have often visited the nearby Cabaret Voltaire (Spiegelgasse 1), the birthplace of the Dadaist movement. In his poem Brodyachaya sobaka ("The Stray Dog Café," 1915) Igor Severyanin calls the mundane visitors of Brodyachaya sobaka (an artistic café in St. Petersburg where the poets used to meet in 1911-15) farmatsevty ("pharmacists"):
Ничьей там не гнушались лепты, —
И в кассу сыпали рубли
Отъявленные фармацевты,
Барзак мешавшие с Шабли!
Для виду возмущались ими,
Любезно спрашивая: «Имя
Как ваше в книгу записать?»
Спешили их облобызать,
А после говорили: «Странно,
Кто к нам пускает всякий сброд?…»
Но сброд позатыкал им рот,
Зовя к столу на бутерброд…
Но это все уже туманно:
Собака околела, и
Ей околеть вы помогли! (6)
Severyanin's poem is written in the form of the so-called Eugene Onegin stanza patterned on a sonnet - except that the last, sixth, stanza has not fourteen but fifteen lines. At the end of his poem Po spravedlivosti ("In All Fairness," 1918) Severyanin mentions Lenin's sealed train carriage and calls Lenin (who came to power in October 1917 and in March 1918 made a separate peace with Germany) moy dvoynik (my double):
Его бесспорная заслуга
Есть окончание войны.
Его приветствовать, как друга
Людей, вы искренне должны.
Я – вне политики, и, право,
Мне все равно, кто б ни был он.
Да будет честь ему и слава,
Что мир им, первым, заключен.
Когда людская жизнь в загоне,
И вдруг – ее апологет,
Не все ль равно мне – как: в вагоне
Запломбированном иль нет?..
Не только из вагона – прямо
Пускай из бездны бы возник!
Твержу настойчиво-упрямо:
Он, в смысле мира, мой двойник.
Shade's murderer, Gradus is Kinbote's double. Shade’s poem is almost finished, when the author is killed by Gradus. Kinbote believes that, to be completed, Shade’s poem needs but one line (Line 1000, identical to Line 1: “I was the shadow of the waxwing slain”). But it seems that, like some sonnets, Shade’s poem also needs a coda (Line 1001: “By its own double in the windowpane”). Severyanin is the author of Poeza o tysyacha pervom znakomstve (“A Poem about the Thousand-and-First Acquaintance,” 1914). Igor Lotaryov's penname, Severyanin means "Northerner." Kinbote's Zembla is a distant northern land.